内容简介:flask--Wtform
一、Wtform
WTForms是一个支持多个web框架的form组件,主要用于对用户请求数据进行验证。
安装:
pip3 install wtform
用途:
1. 用户登录注册
当用户登录时候,需要对用户提交的用户名和密码进行多种格式校验。如:
用户不能为空;用户长度必须大于6;
密码不能为空;密码长度必须大于12;密码必须包含 字母、数字、特殊字符等(自定义正则);
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect from wtforms import Form from wtforms.fields import core from wtforms.fields import html5 from wtforms.fields import simple from wtforms import validators from wtforms import widgets app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates') app.debug = True class LoginForm(Form): name = simple.StringField( label='用户名', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='用户名不能为空.'), validators.Length(min=6, max=18, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d且小于%(max)d') ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) pwd = simple.PasswordField( label='密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.'), validators.Length(min=8, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d'), validators.Regexp(regex="^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d)(?=.*[$@$!%*?&])[A-Za-z\d$@$!%*?&]{8,}", message='密码至少8个字符,至少1个大写字母,1个小写字母,1个数字和1个特殊字符') ], widget=widgets.PasswordInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): if request.method == 'GET': form = LoginForm() return render_template('login.html', form=form) else: form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form) if form.validate(): print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data) else: print(form.errors) return render_template('login.html', form=form) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run() app.py app.py
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>登录</h1> <form method="post"> <!--<input type="text" name="name">--> <p>{{form.name.label}} {{form.name}} {{form.name.errors[0] }}</p> <!--<input type="password" name="pwd">--> <p>{{form.pwd.label}} {{form.pwd}} {{form.pwd.errors[0] }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form> </body> </html> login
2.用户注册
注册页面需要让用户输入:用户名、密码、密码重复、性别、爱好等。
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect from wtforms import Form from wtforms.fields import core from wtforms.fields import html5 from wtforms.fields import simple from wtforms import validators from wtforms import widgets app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates') app.debug = True class RegisterForm(Form): name = simple.StringField( label='用户名', validators=[ validators.DataRequired() ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}, default='alex' ) pwd = simple.PasswordField( label='密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.') ], widget=widgets.PasswordInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) pwd_confirm = simple.PasswordField( label='重复密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='重复密码不能为空.'), validators.EqualTo('pwd', message="两次密码输入不一致") ], widget=widgets.PasswordInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) email = html5.EmailField( label='邮箱', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='邮箱不能为空.'), validators.Email(message='邮箱格式错误') ], widget=widgets.TextInput(input_type='email'), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) gender = core.RadioField( label='性别', choices=( (1, '男'), (2, '女'), ), coerce=int ) city = core.SelectField( label='城市', choices=( ('bj', '北京'), ('sh', '上海'), ) ) hobby = core.SelectMultipleField( label='爱好', choices=( (1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), ), coerce=int ) favor = core.SelectMultipleField( label='喜好', choices=( (1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), ), widget=widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False), option_widget=widgets.CheckboxInput(), coerce=int, default=[1, 2] ) def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.favor.choices = ((1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), (3, '羽毛球')) def validate_pwd_confirm(self, field): """ 自定义pwd_confirm字段规则,例:与pwd字段是否一致 :param field: :return: """ # 最开始初始化时,self.data中已经有所有的值 if field.data != self.data['pwd']: # raise validators.ValidationError("密码不一致") # 继续后续验证 raise validators.StopValidation("密码不一致") # 不再继续后续验证 @app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def register(): if request.method == 'GET': form = RegisterForm(data={'gender': 1}) return render_template('register.html', form=form) else: form = RegisterForm(formdata=request.form) if form.validate(): print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data) else: print(form.errors) return render_template('register.html', form=form) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run() APP.py
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>用户注册</h1> <form method="post" novalidate style="padding:0 50px"> {% for item in form %} <p>{{item.label}}: {{item}} {{item.errors[0] }}</p> {% endfor %} <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form> </body> </html> register.html
metaclass分析:
class MyType(type): def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs): print('xxxx') super(MyType,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs) def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): obj = cls.__new__(cls,*args, **kwargs) cls.__init__(obj,*args, **kwargs) # Foo.__init__(obj) return obj def with_metaclass(base): return MyType("MyType",(base,),{}) class Foo(with_metaclass(object)): def __init__(self,name): self.name = name
class Form(with_metaclass(FormMeta, BaseForm)): #相当于给这个form类定义了一个makeclass,这个类在刚创建时,先执行makeclass,这行makeclass的__init__方法 pass def with_metaclass(meta, base=object): #meta=FormMeta(("NewBase", (BaseForm,), {})) #实例化了这个类 #base=BaseForm (base继承了BaseForm) return meta("NewBase", (base,), {})
class LoginForm(Form): #当执行到这一句是,他在formdata这个类中,LoginForm这个类中 里边有(LoginForm._unbound_fields = None LoginForm._wtforms_meta = None这两个字段) name=simple.StringField( #name实例化一个StringField(如果这个name中有makeclass这个类先要执行makeclass这个类,一个类在实例化__init__之前 有__new__,__call__,type,这几个方法, 对一个类来说整个请求进来先执行type的__init__方法,实例化的时候先执行type的__call__方法,有type的__call__方法调用类的 __new__方法,然后在执行类的__init__方法,这才叫实例化完成。对与这个StringField类方法, 如果有__new__方法,先执行__new__方法,点击进去找到它的new方法,最开始写的是StringField但正真的最开始是name=UnboundField(cls, *args, **kwargs) (name对应的是UnboundField)在这个UnboundField中封装creation_counter,它就等于当前creation_counter自加1) label='用户名', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='用户名不能为空'), validators.Length(min=5,max=15,message='用户名的长度必须大于5且小于15') ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), render_kw={'class':'form-control'} ) pwd=simple.PasswordField( #(在执行这个是pwd=UnboundField(cls, *args, **kwargs)但是当他执行时UnboundField中的creation_counter这个静态字段已经被更新, 用creation_counter这个来计数是因为跟你以后在页面上显示的次序有关系) label='密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空'), validators.Length(min=6,max=15,message='密码的长度必须大于6且小于15') ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), render_kw={'class':'form-control'} )
3.Wtform源码分析
form类
from wtforms import Form
字段功能:( 1. 通过正则进行校验; 2 . 插件生成HTML标签 )
from wtforms.fields import core
from wtforms.fields import html5 from wtforms.fields import simple
插件
from wtforms import widgets from wtforms import validators
源码:
代码刚开始运行时:先执行LoginForm这个类的字段开始实例化
LoginForm 继承From,这个类是有type创建 ,默认makeclass=type (makeclass可以自定义)
流程:
from flask import Flask,request,render_template,redirect from wtforms import Form from wtforms import widgets from wtforms import validators from wtforms.fields import core from wtforms.fields import simple from wtforms.fields import html5 app = Flask(__name__) class LoginForm(Form): name=simple.StringField( label='用户名', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='用户名不能为空'), validators.Length(min=5,max=15,message='用户名的长度必须大于5且小于15') ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), render_kw={'class':'form-control'} ) pwd=simple.PasswordField( label='密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空'), validators.Length(min=6,max=15,message='密码的长度必须大于6且小于15') ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), render_kw={'class':'form-control'} ) @app.route('/login',methods=['GET','POST']) def login(): #程序刚进来是get请求,对 if request.method=='GET': #程序刚进来是get请求先实例化form=LoginForm(),先执行type的__call__方法(有__call__就执行,没有就跳过不执行,它的内部执行了接下来执行LoginForm 的__new__方法,再走LoginForm de __init__方法) #页面标签数据初始化:data=字典,obj=对象.字段,formdata有getlist方法 form=LoginForm() return render_template('login.html',form=form) else: form=LoginForm(formdata=request.form) if form.validate(): print('用户提交的数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:',form.data) else: print(form.errors) return render_template('login.html',form=form) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
“先执行__call__方法” def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): """ Construct a new `Form` instance. Creates the `_unbound_fields` list and the internal `_wtforms_meta` subclass of the class Meta in order to allow a proper inheritance hierarchy. """ if cls._unbound_fields is None: fields = [] for name in dir(cls): #(cls是LoginForm这个类,dir把这个类的所有字段都拿到) if not name.startswith('_'): #(判断如果以'_'开头) #获取静态字段的值:Unbound_Field对象 unbound_field = getattr(cls, name) #(拿到Unbound_Field的对象) if hasattr(unbound_field, '_formfield'): fields.append((name, unbound_field))#(fields这个列表里面是一个元组,元组里面一个是它的名称,一个是它的Unbound_field对象,每个 Unbound_field对象有creation_counter用来计数) # We keep the name as the second element of the sort # to ensure a stable sort. fields.sort(key=lambda x: (x[1].creation_counter, x[0])) #优先按照Unbound_field的count数来排序 ,fieldsshi 排序过后的字段 cls._unbound_fields = fields # Create a subclass of the 'class Meta' using all the ancestors. if cls._wtforms_meta is None: bases = [] for mro_class in cls.__mro__: #找到所有的继承关系,相当于继承所有的类 if 'Meta' in mro_class.__dict__: #mro_class.dict__ 就是;类中的所有成员 bases.append(mro_class.Meta) cls._wtforms_meta = type('Meta', tuple(bases), {}) #type('Meta')表示。自己创建一个Meta类继承bases return type.__call__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
'执行login的__new__方法,没有__new__方法执行它的__init__方法' def __init__(self, formdata=None, obj=None, prefix='', data=None, meta=None, **kwargs): meta_obj = self._wtforms_meta() #原来创建的Meta类(实例化meta) if meta is not None and isinstance(meta, dict): meta_obj.update_values(meta) super(Form, self).__init__(self._unbound_fields, meta=meta_obj, prefix=prefix) for name, field in iteritems(self._fields): # Set all the fields to attributes so that they obscure the class # attributes with the same names. setattr(self, name, field) self.process(formdata, obj, data=data, **kwargs)
class BaseForm(object): """ Base Form Class. Provides core behaviour like field construction, validation, and data and error proxying. """ def __init__(self, fields, prefix='', meta=DefaultMeta()): """ :param fields: A dict or sequence of 2-tuples of partially-constructed fields. :param prefix: If provided, all fields will have their name prefixed with the value. :param meta: A meta instance which is used for configuration and customization of WTForms behaviors. """ if prefix and prefix[-1] not in '-_;:/.': prefix += '-' self.meta = meta self._prefix = prefix self._errors = None self._fields = OrderedDict() if hasattr(fields, 'items'): fields = fields.items() translations = self._get_translations() extra_fields = [] if meta.csrf: self._csrf = meta.build_csrf(self) extra_fields.extend(self._csrf.setup_form(self)) for name, unbound_field in itertools.chain(fields, extra_fields): options = dict(name=name, prefix=prefix, translations=translations) #对每一个UNbound中的字段进行实例化 field = meta.bind_field(self, unbound_field, options) self._fields[name] = field
get执行完现在开始校验 def validate(self): """ Validates the form by calling `validate` on each field, passing any extra `Form.validate_<fieldname>` validators to the field validator. """ extra = {} for name in self._fields: #_fields是所有的字段 inline = getattr(self.__class__, 'validate_%s' % name, None) if inline is not None: extra[name] = [inline] return super(Form, self).validate(extra) #调用父类的validate
你觉得基础知识那些最重要函数也重要, 装饰器,闭包也是蛮重要的。mainxiang面向对象基础流程也是挺重要的,为什么,因为它的流程我知道是
通过流程type,__call__,__new__再到这个方法,原来不知道,后来通过看了看源码就了解了。
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