Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.2 – First Public Working Draft 27 Feb '20

Abstract

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 covers a wide range of recommendations for making Web content more accessible. Following these guidelines will make content more accessible to a wider range of people with disabilities, including accommodations for blindness and low vision, deafness and hearing loss, limited movement, speech disabilities, photosensitivity, and combinations of these, and some accommodation for learning disabilities and cognitive limitations; but will not address every user need for people with these disabilities. These guidelines address accessibility of web content on desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile devices. Following these guidelines will also often make Web content more usable to users in general.

WCAG 2.2 success criteria are written as testable statements that are not technology-specific. Guidance about satisfying the success criteria in specific technologies, as well as general information about interpreting the success criteria, is provided in separate documents. See Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) Overview for an introduction and links to WCAG technical and educational material.

WCAG 2.2 extends Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 [], which was published as a W3C Recommendation June 2018. Content that conforms to WCAG 2.2 also conforms to WCAG 2.0 and WCAG 2.1. The WG intends that for policies requiring conformance to WCAG 2.0 or WCAG 2.1, WCAG 2.2 can provide an alternate means of conformance. The publication of WCAG 2.2 does not deprecate or supersede WCAG 2.0 or WCAG 2.1. While WCAG 2.0 and WCAG 2.1 remain W3C Recommendations, the W3C advises the use of WCAG 2.2 to maximize future applicability of accessibility efforts. The W3C also encourages use of the most current version of WCAG when developing or updating Web accessibility policies.

Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at https://www.w3.org/TR/.

This is a First Public Working Draft of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 by the Accessibility Guidelines Working Group . WCAG 2.2 continues the updates to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines from WCAG 2.1. This first draft includes 1 new Success Criterion, which is supported by Understanding and Techniques. Additional Success Criteria are being developed for future Working Drafts, all of which are expected to be in WCAG 2.2 by April 2020. Because of the rapid development, early review is critical .

To comment, file an issue in the W3C WCAG GitHub repository . The Working Group requests that public comments be filed as new issues, one issue per discrete comment. It is free to create a GitHub account to file issues. If filing issues in GitHub is not feasible, send email to public-agwg-comments@w3.org (comment archive). The Working Group request comments on this draft be filed by 23 March 2020 . In-progress updates to the guidelines can be viewed in the public editors' draft .

This document was published by the Accessibility Guidelines Working Group as a First Public Working Draft. This document is intended to become a W3C Recommendation.

Publication as a First Public Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document was produced by a group operating under the W3C Patent Policy . W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes containsEssential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy .

This document is governed by the 1 March 2019 W3C Process Document .

Introduction

This section is non-normative.

1. Perceivable

Information and user interface components must be presentable to users in ways they can perceive.

2. Operable

User interface components and navigation must be operable.

3. Understandable

Information and the operation of the user interface must be understandable.

4. Robust

Content must be robust enough that it can be interpreted by a wide variety of user agents, including assistive technologies.

5. Conformance

As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

The key words MAY , MUST , MUST NOT , NOT RECOMMENDED , RECOMMENDED , SHOULD , and SHOULD NOT in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [] [] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Conformance

This section lists requirements forto WCAG 2.2. It also gives information about how to make conformance claims, which are optional. Finally, it describes what it means to beaccessibility supported, since only accessibility-supported ways of using technologies can befor conformance. Understanding Conformance includes further explanation of the accessibility-supported concept.

6. Glossary

abbreviation

shortened form of a word, phrase, or name where the abbreviation has not become part of the language

Note

This includes initialisms and acronyms where:

1. initialismsare shortened forms of a name or phrase made from the initial letters of words or syllables contained in that name or phrase

   Note

   Not defined in all languages.

   SNCF is a French initialism that contains the initial letters of the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer , the French national railroad.

   ESP is an initialism for extrasensory perception.

2. acronymsare abbreviated forms made from the initial letters or parts of other words (in a name or phrase) which may be pronounced as a word

   NOAA is an acronym made from the initial letters of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the United States.

Note

Some companies have adopted what used to be an initialism as their company name. In these cases, the new name of the company is the letters (for example, Ecma) and the word is no longer considered an abbreviation.

accessibility supported

supported by users'assistive technologiesas well as the accessibility features in browsers and other

To qualify as an accessibility-supported use of a Web content technology (or feature of a technology), both 1 and 2 must be satisfied for a Web content technology (or feature):

1. The way that theWeb content technologyis used must be supported by users' assistive technology (AT). This means that the way that the technology is used has been tested for interoperability with users' assistive technology in theof the content,

   AND

2. The Web content technology must have accessibility-supported user agents that are available to users.This means that at least one of the following four statements is true:

   1. The technology is supported natively in widely-distributed user agents that are also accessibility supported (such as HTML and CSS);

      OR

   2. The technology is supported in a widely-distributed plug-in that is also accessibility supported;

      OR

   3. The content is available in a closed environment, such as a university or corporate network, where the user agent required by the technology and used by the organization is also accessibility supported;

      OR

   4. The user agent(s) that support the technology are accessibility supported and are available for download or purchase in a way that:

      • does not cost a person with a disability any more than a person without a disability and
      • is as easy to find and obtain for a person with a disability as it is for a person without disabilities.

Note

The Accessibility Guidelines Working Group and the W3C do not specify which or how much support by assistive technologies there must be for a particular use of a Web technology in order for it to be classified as accessibility supported. (See Level of Assistive Technology Support Needed for "Accessibility Support" .)

Note

Web technologies can be used in ways that are not accessibility supported as long as they are notand the page as a whole meets the conformance requirements, includingConformance Criterion 4andConformance Criterion 5, are met.

Note

When ais used in a way that is "accessibility supported," it does not imply that the entire technology or all uses of the technology are supported. Most technologies, including HTML, lack support for at least one feature or use. Pages conform to WCAG only if the uses of the technology that are accessibility supported can be relied upon to meet WCAG requirements.

Note

When citing Web content technologies that have multiple versions, the version(s) supported should be specified.

Note

One way for authors to locate uses of a technology that are accessibility supported would be to consult compilations of uses that are documented to be accessibility supported. (See Understanding Accessibility-Supported Web Technology Uses .) Authors, companies, technology vendors, or others may document accessibility-supported ways of using Web content technologies. However, all ways of using technologies in the documentation would need to meet the definition of accessibility-supported Web content technologies above.

alternative for time-based media

document including correctly sequenced text descriptions of time-based visual and auditory information and providing a means for achieving the outcomes of any time-based interaction

Note

A screenplay used to create the synchronized media content would meet this definition only if it was corrected to accurately represent the final synchronized media after editing.

ambiguous to users in general

the purpose cannot be determined from the link and all information of the Web page presented to the user simultaneously with the link (i.e., readers without disabilities would not know what a link would do until they activated it)

The word guava in the following sentence "One of the notable exports is guava" is a link. The link could lead to a definition of guava, a chart listing the quantity of guava exported or a photograph of people harvesting guava. Until the link is activated, all readers are unsure and the person with a disability is not at any disadvantage.

ASCII art

picture created by a spatial arrangement of characters or glyphs (typically from the 95 printable characters defined by ASCII)

assistive technology (as used in this document)

hardware and/or software that acts as a, or along with a mainstream user agent, to provide functionality to meet the requirements of users with disabilities that go beyond those offered by mainstream user agents

Note

functionality provided by assistive technology includes alternative presentations (e.g., as synthesized speech or magnified content), alternative input methods (e.g., voice), additional navigation or orientation mechanisms, and content transformations (e.g., to make tables more accessible).

Note

Assistive technologies often communicate data and messages with mainstream user agents by using and monitoring APIs.

Note

The distinction between mainstream user agents and assistive technologies is not absolute. Many mainstream user agents provide some features to assist individuals with disabilities. The basic difference is that mainstream user agents target broad and diverse audiences that usually include people with and without disabilities. Assistive technologies target narrowly defined populations of users with specific disabilities. The assistance provided by an assistive technology is more specific and appropriate to the needs of its target users. The mainstream user agent may provide important functionality to assistive technologies like retrieving Web content from program objects or parsing markup into identifiable bundles.

Assistive technologies that are important in the context of this document include the following:

• screen magnifiers, and other visual reading assistants, which are used by people with visual, perceptual and physical print disabilities to change text font, size, spacing, color, synchronization with speech, etc. in order to improve the visual readability of rendered text and images;
• screen readers, which are used by people who are blind to read textual information through synthesized speech or braille;
• text-to-speech software, which is used by some people with cognitive, language, and learning disabilities to convert text into synthetic speech;
• speech recognition software, which may be used by people who have some physical disabilities;
• alternative keyboards, which are used by people with certain physical disabilities to simulate the keyboard (including alternate keyboards that use head pointers, single switches, sip/puff and other special input devices.);
• alternative pointing devices, which are used by people with certain physical disabilities to simulate mouse pointing and button activations.

audio

the technology of sound reproduction

Note

Audio can be created synthetically (including speech synthesis), recorded from real world sounds, or both.

audio description

narration added to the soundtrack to describe important visual details that cannot be understood from the main soundtrack alone

Note

Audio description ofprovides information about actions, characters, scene changes, on-screen text, and other visual content.

Note

In standard audio description, narration is added during existing pauses in dialogue. (See alsoextended audio description.)

Note

Where all of theinformation is already provided in existing, no additional audio description is necessary.

Note

Also called "video description" and "descriptive narration."

audio-only

a time-based presentation that contains only(noand no interaction)

blinking

switch back and forth between two visual states in a way that is meant to draw attention

Note

See also. It is possible for something to be large enough and blink brightly enough at the right frequency to be also classified as a flash.

blocks of text

more than one sentence of text

CAPTCHA

initialism for "Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart"

Note

CAPTCHA tests often involve asking the user to type in text that is displayed in an obscured image or audio file.

Note

A Turing test is any system of tests designed to differentiate a human from a computer. It is named after famed computer scientist Alan Turing. The term was coined by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University.

captions

synchronized visual and/orfor both speech and non-speech audio information needed to understand the media content

Note

Captions are similar to dialogue-only subtitles except captions convey not only the content of spoken dialogue, but also equivalents for non-dialogue audio information needed to understand the program content, including sound effects, music, laughter, speaker identification and location.

Note

Closed Captions are equivalents that can be turned on and off with some players.

Note

Open Captions are any captions that cannot be turned off. For example, if the captions are visual equivalentembedded in.

Note

Captions should not obscure or obstruct relevant information in the video.

Note

In some countries, captions are called subtitles.

Note

can be, but do not need to be, captioned since they are descriptions of information that is already presented visually.

changes of context

major changes in the content of thethat, if made without user awareness, can disorient users who are not able to view the entire page simultaneously

Changes in context include changes of:

Note

A change of content is not always a change of context. Changes in content, such as an expanding outline, dynamic menu, or a tab control do not necessarily change the context, unless they also change one of the above (e.g., focus).

Opening a new window, moving focus to a different component, going to a new page (including anything that would look to a user as if they had moved to a new page) or significantly re-arranging the content of a page are examples of changes of context.

conformance

satisfying all the requirements of a given standard, guideline or specification

conforming alternate version

version that

1. conforms at the designated level, and
2. provides all of the same information andin the same, and
3. is as up to date as the non-conforming content, and

4. for which at least one of the following is true:

   1. the conforming version can be reached from the non-conforming page via anaccessibility-supported, or
   2. the non-conforming version can only be reached from the conforming version, or
   3. the non-conforming version can only be reached from a conforming page that also provides a mechanism to reach the conforming version

Note

In this definition, "can only be reached" means that there is some mechanism, such as a conditional redirect, that prevents a user from "reaching" (loading) the non-conforming page unless the user had just come from the conforming version.

Note

The alternate version does not need to be matched page for page with the original (e.g., the conforming alternate version may consist of multiple pages).

Note

If multiple language versions are available, then conforming alternate versions are required for each language offered.

Note

Alternate versions may be provided to accommodate different technology environments or user groups. Each version should be as conformant as possible. One version would need to be fully conformant in order to meetconformance requirement 1.

Note

The conforming alternative version does not need to reside within the scope of conformance, or even on the same Web site, as long as it is as freely available as the non-conforming version.

Note

Alternate versions should not be confused withsupplementary content, which support the original page and enhance comprehension.

Note

Setting user preferences within the content to produce a conforming version is an acceptable mechanism for reaching another version as long as the method used to set the preferences is accessibility supported.

See Understanding Conforming Alternate Versions

content (Web content)

information and sensory experience to be communicated to the user by means of a, including code or markup that defines the content's,, and interactions

context-sensitive help

help text that provides information related to the function currently being performed

Note

Clear labels can act as context-sensitive help.

contrast ratio

(L1 + 0.05) / (L2 + 0.05), where

Note

Contrast ratios can range from 1 to 21 (commonly written 1:1 to 21:1).

Note

Because authors do not have control over user settings as to how text is rendered (for example font smoothing or anti-aliasing), the contrast ratio for text can be evaluated with anti-aliasing turned off.

Note

For the purpose of Success Criteria 1.4.3 and 1.4.6, contrast is measured with respect to the specified background over which the text is rendered in normal usage. If no background color is specified, then white is assumed.

Note

Background color is the specified color of content over which the text is to be rendered in normal usage. It is a failure if no background color is specified when the text color is specified, because the user's default background color is unknown and cannot be evaluated for sufficient contrast. For the same reason, it is a failure if no text color is specified when a background color is specified.

Note

When there is a border around the letter, the border can add contrast and would be used in calculating the contrast between the letter and its background. A narrow border around the letter would be used as the letter. A wide border around the letter that fills in the inner details of the letters acts as a halo and would be considered background.

Note

WCAG conformance should be evaluated for color pairs specified in the content that an author would expect to appear adjacent in typical presentation. Authors need not consider unusual presentations, such as color changes made by the user agent, except where caused by authors' code.

correct reading sequence

any sequence where words and paragraphs are presented in an order that does not change the meaning of the content

CSS pixel

visual angle of about 0.0213 degrees

A CSS pixel is the canonical unit of measure for all lengths and measurements in CSS. This unit is density-independent, and distinct from actual hardware pixels present in a display. User agents and operating systems should ensure that a CSS pixel is set as closely as possible to the CSS Values and Units Module Level 3 reference pixel [], which takes into account the physical dimensions of the display and the assumed viewing distance (factors that cannot be determined by content authors).

down-event

platform event that occurs when the trigger stimulus of a pointer is depressed

The down-event may have different names on different platforms, such as "touchstart" or "mousedown".

emergency

a sudden, unexpected situation or occurrence that requires immediate action to preserve health, safety, or property

essential

if removed, would fundamentally change the information or functionality of the content, and information and functionality cannot be achieved in another way that would conform

extended audio description

audio description that is added to an audiovisual presentation by pausing theso that there is time to add additional description

Note

This technique is only used when the sense of thewould be lost without the additionaland the pauses between dialogue/narration are too short.

flash

a pair of opposing changes inthat can cause seizures in some people if it is large enough and in the right frequency range

Note

Seegeneral flash and red flash thresholdsfor information about types of flash that are not allowed.

Note

See also.

Focus

[New]

The point where the user’s input interacts with the web page. For example, tabbing through a page with a keyboard moves the focus. Clicking or tapping on the page would move the focus for mouse and touchscreen usage. Different inputs can be used by a user, but at any one time there would be one point of focus for the user with the last input used.

Focus indication area

[New]

The number of CSS pixels that change between the focused and unfocused states of aUser Interface Component.

functionality

and outcomes achievable through user action

general flash and red flash thresholds

aor rapidly changing image sequence is below the threshold (i.e., content passes ) if any of the following are true:

1. there are no more than three general flashes and / or no more than three red flashes within any one-second period; or
2. the combined area of flashes occurring concurrently occupies no more than a total of .006 steradians within any 10 degree visual field on the screen (25% of any 10 degree visual field on the screen) at typical viewing distance

where:

• A general flash is defined as a pair of opposing changes inof 10% or more of the maximum relative luminance where the relative luminance of the darker image is below 0.80; and where "a pair of opposing changes" is an increase followed by a decrease, or a decrease followed by an increase, and
• A red flash is defined as any pair of opposing transitions involving a saturated red

Exception: Flashing that is a fine, balanced, pattern such as white noise or an alternating checkerboard pattern with "squares" smaller than 0.1 degree (of visual field at typical viewing distance) on a side does not violate the thresholds.

Note

For general software or Web content, using a 341 x 256 pixel rectangle anywhere on the displayed screen area when the content is viewed at 1024 x 768 pixels will provide a good estimate of a 10 degree visual field for standard screen sizes and viewing distances (e.g., 15-17 inch screen at 22-26 inches). (Higher resolutions displays showing the same rendering of the content yield smaller and safer images so it is lower resolutions that are used to define the thresholds.)

Note

A transition is the change in relative luminance (or relative luminance/color for red flashing) between adjacent peaks and valleys in a plot of relative luminance (or relative luminance/color for red flashing) measurement against time. A flash consists of two opposing transitions.

Note

The current working definition in the field for "pair of opposing transitions involving a saturated red" is where, for either or both states involved in each transition, R/(R+ G + B) >= 0.8, and the change in the value of (R-G-B)x320 is > 20 (negative values of (R-G-B)x320 are set to zero) for both transitions. R, G, B values range from 0-1 as specified in “relative luminance” definition. []

Note

Tools are available that will carry out analysis from video screen capture. However, no tool is necessary to evaluate for this condition if flashing is less than or equal to 3 flashes in any one second. Content automatically passes (see #1 and #2 above).

human language

language that is spoken, written or signed (through visual or tactile means) to communicate with humans

Note

See also.

idiom

phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of the individual words and the specific words cannot be changed without losing the meaning

Note

idioms cannot be translated directly, word for word, without losing their (cultural or language-dependent) meaning.

In English, "spilling the beans" means "revealing a secret." However, "knocking over the beans" or "spilling the vegetables" does not mean the same thing.

In Japanese, the phrase " さじを投げる " literally translates into "he throws a spoon," but it means that there is nothing he can do and finally he gives up.

In Dutch, " Hij ging met de kippen op stok " literally translates into "He went to roost with the chickens," but it means that he went to bed early.

image of text

text that has been rendered in a non-text form (e.g., an image) in order to achieve a particular visual effect

Note

This does not includethat is part of a picture that contains significant other visual content.

A person's name on a nametag in a photograph.

informative

for information purposes and not required for conformance

Note

Content required foris referred to as "."

input error

information provided by the user that is not accepted

Note

This includes:

1. Information that is required by thebut omitted by the user
2. Information that is provided by the user but that falls outside the required data format or values

jargon

words used in a particular way by people in a particular field

The word StickyKeys is jargon from the field of assistive technology/accessibility.

keyboard interface

interface used by software to obtain keystroke input

Note

A keyboard interface allows users to provide keystroke input to programs even if the native technology does not contain a keyboard.

A touchscreen PDA has a keyboard interface built into its operating system as well as a connector for external keyboards. Applications on the PDA can use the interface to obtain keyboard input either from an external keyboard or from other applications that provide simulated keyboard output, such as handwriting interpreters or speech-to-text applications with "keyboard emulation" functionality.

Note

Operation of the application (or parts of the application) through a keyboard-operated mouse emulator, such as MouseKeys, does not qualify as operation through a keyboard interface because operation of the program is through its pointing device interface, not through its keyboard interface.

keyboard shortcut

alternative means of triggering an action by the pressing of one or more keys

label

or other component with athat is presented to a user to identify a component within Web

Note

A label is presented to all users whereas themay be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology. In many (but not all) cases the name and the label are the same.

Note

The term label is not limited to the label element in HTML.

large scale (text)

with at least 18 point or 14 point bold or font size that would yield equivalent size for Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) fonts

Note

Fonts with extraordinarily thin strokes or unusual features and characteristics that reduce the familiarity of their letter forms are harder to read, especially at lower contrast levels.

Note

Font size is the size when the content is delivered. It does not include resizing that may be done by a user.

Note

The actual size of the character that a user sees is dependent both on the author-defined size and the user's display or user-agent settings. For many mainstream body text fonts, 14 and 18 point is roughly equivalent to 1.2 and 1.5 em or to 120% or 150% of the default size for body text (assuming that the body font is 100%), but authors would need to check this for the particular fonts in use. When fonts are defined in relative units, the actual point size is calculated by the user agent for display. The point size should be obtained from the user agent, or calculated based on font metrics as the user agent does, when evaluating this success criterion. Users who have low vision would be responsible for choosing appropriate settings.

Note

When using text without specifying the font size, the smallest font size used on major browsers for unspecified text would be a reasonable size to assume for the font. If a level 1 heading is rendered in 14pt bold or higher on major browsers, then it would be reasonable to assume it is large text. Relative scaling can be calculated from the default sizes in a similar fashion.

Note

The 18 and 14 point sizes for roman texts are taken from the minimum size for large print (14pt) and the larger standard font size (18pt). For other fonts such as CJK languages, the "equivalent" sizes would be the minimum large print size used for those languages and the next larger standard large print size.

legal commitments

transactions where the person incurs a legally binding obligation or benefit

A marriage license, a stock trade (financial and legal), a will, a loan, adoption, signing up for the army, a contract of any type, etc.

link purpose

nature of the result obtained by activating a hyperlink

live

information captured from a real-world event and transmitted to the receiver with no more than a broadcast delay

Note

A broadcast delay is a short (usually automated) delay, for example used in order to give the broadcaster time to cue or censor the audio (or video) feed, but not sufficient to allow significant editing.

Note

If information is completely computer generated, it is not live.

lower secondary education level

the two or three year period of education that begins after completion of six years of school and ends nine years after the beginning of

Note

This definition is based on the International Standard Classification of Education [].

mechanism

or technique for achieving a result

Note

The mechanism may be explicitly provided in the content, or may beto be provided by either the platform or by, including.

Note

The mechanism needs to meet all success criteria for the conformance level claimed.

media alternative for text

media that presents no more information than is already presented in text (directly or via text alternatives)

Note

A media alternative for text is provided for those who benefit from alternate representations of text. Media alternatives for text may be audio-only, video-only (including sign-language video), or audio-video.

motion animation

addition of steps between conditions to create the illusion of movement or to give a sense of a smooth transition

For example, an element which moves into place or changes size while appearing is considered to be animated. An element which appears instantly without transitioning is not using animation. Motion animation does not include changes of color, blurring or opacity.

name

text by which software can identify a component within Web content to the user

Note

The name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology, whereas ais presented to all users. In many (but not all) cases, the label and the name are the same.

Note

This is unrelated to the name attribute in HTML.

navigated sequentially

navigated in the order defined for advancing focus (from one element to the next) using a

non-text content

any content that is not a sequence of characters that can beprogrammatically determinedor where the sequence is not expressing something in

Note

This includes(which is a pattern of characters), emoticons, leetspeak (which uses character substitution), and images representing text

normative

required for conformance

Note

One may conform in a variety of well-defined ways to this document.

Note

Content identified as "" or "non-normative" is never required for.

on a full-screen window

on the most common sized desktop/laptop display with the viewport maximized

Note

Since people generally keep their computers for several years, it is best not to rely on the latest desktop/laptop display resolutions but to consider the common desktop/laptop display resolutions over the course of several years when making this evaluation.

paused

stopped by user request and not resumed until requested by user

pointer input

input device that can target a specific coordinate (or set of coordinates) on a screen, such as a mouse, pen, or touch contact

See also Pointer Events pointer definition [].

prerecorded

information that is not

presentation

rendering of thein a form to be perceived by users

primary education level

six year time period that begins between the ages of five and seven, possibly without any previous education

Note

This definition is based on the International Standard Classification of Education [].

process

series of user actions where each action is required in order to complete an activity

Successful use of a series of Web pages on a shopping site requires users to view alternative products, prices and offers, select products, submit an order, provide shipping information and provide payment information.

An account registration page requires successful completion of a Turing test before the registration form can be accessed.

programmatically determined (programmatically determinable)

determined by software from author-supplied data provided in a way that different, including, can extract and present this information to users in different modalities

Note

Determined in a markup language from elements and attributes that are accessed directly by commonly available assistive technology.

Note

Determined from technology-specific data structures in a non-markup language and exposed to assistive technology via an accessibility API that is supported by commonly available assistive technology.

programmatically determined link context

additional information that can beprogrammatically determinedfromwith a link, combined with the link text, and presented to users in different modalities

In HTML, information that is programmatically determinable from a link in English includes text that is in the same paragraph, list, or table cell as the link or in a table header cell that is associated with the table cell that contains the link.

Note

Since screen readers interpret punctuation, they can also provide the context from the current sentence, when the focus is on a link in that sentence.

programmatically set

set by software using methods that are supported by user agents, including assistive technologies

pure decoration

serving only an aesthetic purpose, providing no information, and having no functionality

Note

Text is only purely decorative if the words can be rearranged or substituted without changing their purpose.

The cover page of a dictionary has random words in very light text in the background.

real-time event

event that a) occurs at the same time as the viewing and b) is not completely generated by the content

A Webcast of a live performance (occurs at the same time as the viewing and is not prerecorded).

An on-line auction with people bidding (occurs at the same time as the viewing).

Live humans interacting in a virtual world using avatars (is not completely generated by the content and occurs at the same time as the viewing).

region

perceivable, programmatically determined section of content

Note

In HTML, any area designated with a landmark role would be a region.

relationships

meaningful associations between distinct pieces of content

relative luminance

the relative brightness of any point in a colorspace, normalized to 0 for darkest black and 1 for lightest white

Note

For the sRGB colorspace, the relative luminance of a color is defined as L = 0.2126 * R + 0.7152 * G + 0.0722 * B where R , G and B are defined as:

• if RsRGB <= 0.03928 then R = RsRGB/12.92 else R = ((RsRGB+0.055)/1.055) ^ 2.4
• if GsRGB <= 0.03928 then G = GsRGB/12.92 else G = ((GsRGB+0.055)/1.055) ^ 2.4
• if BsRGB <= 0.03928 then B = BsRGB/12.92 else B = ((BsRGB+0.055)/1.055) ^ 2.4

and RsRGB, GsRGB, and BsRGB are defined as:

• RsRGB = R8bit/255
• GsRGB = G8bit/255
• BsRGB = B8bit/255

The "^" character is the exponentiation operator. (Formula taken from [] and []).

Note

Almost all systems used today to view Web content assume sRGB encoding. Unless it is known that another color space will be used to process and display the content, authors should evaluate using sRGB colorspace. If using other color spaces, see Understanding Success Criterion 1.4.3 .

Note

If dithering occurs after delivery, then the source color value is used. For colors that are dithered at the source, the average values of the colors that are dithered should be used (average R, average G, and average B).

Note

Tools are available that automatically do the calculations when testing contrast and flash.

Note

A MathML version of the relative luminance definition is available.

relied upon (technologies that are)

the content would notif thatis turned off or is not supported

role

text or number by which software can identify the function of a component within Web content

A number that indicates whether an image functions as a hyperlink, command button, or check box.

same functionality

same result when used

A submit "search" button on one Web page and a "find" button on another Web page may both have a field to enter a term and list topics in the Web site related to the term submitted. In this case, they would have the same functionality but would not be labeled consistently.

same relative order

same position relative to other items

Note

Items are considered to be in the same relative order even if other items are inserted or removed from the original order. For example, expanding navigation menus may insert an additional level of detail or a secondary navigation section may be inserted into the reading order.

satisfies a success criterion

the success criterion does not evaluate to 'false' when applied to the page

section

a self-contained portion of written content that deals with one or more related topics or thoughts

Note

A section may consist of one or more paragraphs and include graphics, tables, lists and sub-sections.

set of web pages

collection ofthat share a common purpose and that are created by the same author, group or organization

Examples include a publication which is split across multiple Web pages, where each page contains one chapter or other significant section of the work. The publication is logically a single contiguous unit, and contains navigation features that enable access to the full set of pages.

Note

Different language versions would be considered different sets of Web pages.

sign language

a language using combinations of movements of the hands and arms, facial expressions, or body positions to convey meaning

sign language interpretation

translation of one language, generally a spoken language, into a

Note

True sign languages are independent languages that are unrelated to the spoken language(s) of the same country or region.

single pointer

pointer input that operates with one point of contact with the screen, including single taps and clicks, double-taps and clicks, long presses, and path-based gestures

specific sensory experience

a sensory experience that is not purely decorative and does not primarily convey important information or perform a function

Examples include a performance of a flute solo, works of visual art etc.

state

dynamic property expressing characteristics of a user interface component that may change in response to user action or automated processes

States do not affect the nature of the component, but represent data associated with the component or user interaction possibilities. Examples include focus, hover, select, press, check, visited/unvisited, and expand/collapse.

status message

change in content that is not a, and that provides information to the user on the success or results of an action, on the waiting state of an application, on the progress of a process, or on the existence of errors

structure

1. The way the parts of aare organized in relation to each other; and

style property

property whose value determines the presentation (e.g. font, color, size, location, padding, volume, synthesized speech prosody) of content elements as they are rendered (e.g. onscreen, via loudspeaker, via braille display) by user agents

Style properties can have several origins:

• User agent default styles: The default style property values applied in the absence of any author or user styles. Some web content technologies specify a default rendering, others do not;
• Author styles: Style property values that are set by the author as part of the content (e.g. in-line styles, author style sheets);
• User styles: Style property values that are set by the user (e.g. via user agent interface settings, user style sheets)

supplemental content

additionalthat illustrates or clarifies the primary content

An audio version of a.

An illustration of a complex.

A paragraph summarizing the major outcomes and recommendations made in a research study.

synchronized media

orsynchronized with another format for presenting information and/or with time-based interactive components, unless the media is athat is clearly labeled as such

target

region of the display that will accept a pointer action, such as the interactive area of a user interface component

Note

If two or more touch targets are overlapping, the overlapping area should not be included in the measurement of the target size, except when the overlapping targets perform the same action or open the same page.

technology (Web content)

for encoding instructions to be rendered, played or executed by

Note

As used in these guidelines "Web Technology" and the word "technology" (when used alone) both refer to Web Content Technologies.

Note

Web content technologies may include markup languages, data formats, or programming languages that authors may use alone or in combination to create end-user experiences that range from static Web pages to synchronized media presentations to dynamic Web applications.

Some common examples of Web content technologies include HTML, CSS, SVG, PNG, PDF, Flash, and JavaScript.

text

sequence of characters that can beprogrammatically determined, where the sequence is expressing something in

text alternative

that is programmatically associated withor referred to from text that is programmatically associated with non-text content. Programmatically associated text is text whose location can be programmatically determined from the non-text content.

An image of a chart is described in text in the paragraph after the chart. The short text alternative for the chart indicates that a description follows.

Note

Refer to Understanding Text Alternatives for more information.

up-event

platform event that occurs when the trigger stimulus of a pointer is released

The up-event may have different names on different platforms, such as "touchend" or "mouseup".

used in an unusual or restricted way

words used in such a way that requires users to know exactly which definition to apply in order to understand the content correctly

The term "gig" means something different if it occurs in a discussion of music concerts than it does in article about computer hard drive space, but the appropriate definition can be determined from context. By contrast, the word "text" is used in a very specific way in WCAG 2.1, so a definition is supplied in the glossary.

user agent

any software that retrieves and presents Web content for users

Web browsers, media players, plug-ins, and other programs — includingassistive technologies— that help in retrieving, rendering, and interacting with Web content.

user-controllable

data that is intended to be accessed by users

Note

This does not refer to such things as Internet logs and search engine monitoring data.

Name and address fields for a user's account.

user interface component

a part of the content that is perceived by users as a single control for a distinct function

Note

Multiple user interface components may be implemented as a single programmatic element. Components here is not tied to programming techniques, but rather to what the user perceives as separate controls.

Note

User interface components include form elements and links as well as components generated by scripts.

Note

What is meant by "component" or "user interface component" here is also sometimes called "user interface element".

An applet has a "control" that can be used to move through content by line or page or random access. Since each of these would need to have a name and be settable independently, they would each be a "user interface component."

user inactivity

any continuous period of time where no user actions occur

The method of tracking will be determined by the web site or application.

video

the technology of moving or sequenced pictures or images

Note

Video can be made up of animated or photographic images, or both.

video-only

a time-based presentation that contains only(noand no interaction)

viewport

object in which the user agent presents content

Note

Thepresents content through one or more viewports. Viewports include windows, frames, loudspeakers, and virtual magnifying glasses. A viewport may contain another viewport (e.g., nested frames). Interface components created by the user agent such as prompts, menus, and alerts are not viewports.

Note

This definition is based on User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 Glossary [].

visually customized

the font, size, color, and background can be set

Web page

a non-embedded resource obtained from a single URI using HTTP plus any other resources that are used in the rendering or intended to be rendered together with it by a

Note

Although any "other resources" would be rendered together with the primary resource, they would not necessarily be rendered simultaneously with each other.

Note

For the purposes of conformance with these guidelines, a resource must be "non-embedded" within the scope of conformance to be considered a Web page.

A Web resource including all embedded images and media.

A Web mail program built using Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX). The program lives entirely at http://example.com/mail, but includes an inbox, a contacts area and a calendar. Links or buttons are provided that cause the inbox, contacts, or calendar to display, but do not change the URI of the page as a whole.

A customizable portal site, where users can choose content to display from a set of different content modules.

When you enter "http://shopping.example.com/" in your browser, you enter a movie-like interactive shopping environment where you visually move around in a store dragging products off of the shelves around you and into a visual shopping cart in front of you. Clicking on a product causes it to be demonstrated with a specification sheet floating alongside. This might be a single-page Web site or just one page within a Web site.

7. Input Purposes for User Interface Components

This section contains a listing of commonuser interface componentinput purposes. The terms below are not keywords that must be used, but instead represent purposes that must be captured in the taxonomy adopted by a webpage. Where applicable, authors mark up controls with the chosen taxonomy to indicate the semantic purpose. This provides the potential for user agents and assistive technologies to apply personalized presentations that can enable more people to understand and use the content.

Note

The list of input type purposes is based on the control purposes defined in the HTML 5.2 Autofill field section , but it is important to understand that a different technology may have some or all of the same concepts defined in its specification and only the concepts that are mapped to the meanings below are required.

The following input control purposes are intended to relate to the user of the content and pertain only to information related to that individual.

• name - Full name
• honorific-prefix - Prefix or title (e.g., "Mr.", "Ms.", "Dr.", "M ^lle ")
• given-name - Given name (in some Western cultures, also known as the first name )
• additional-name - Additional names (in some Western cultures, also known as middle names , forenames other than the first name)
• family-name - Family name (in some Western cultures, also known as the last name or surname )
• honorific-suffix - Suffix (e.g., "Jr.", "B.Sc.", "MBASW", "II")
• nickname - Nickname, screen name, handle: a typically short name used instead of the full name
• organization-title - Job title (e.g., "Software Engineer", "Senior Vice President", "Deputy Managing Director")
• username - A username
• new-password - A new password (e.g., when creating an account or changing a password)
• current-password - The current password for the account identified by the username field (e.g., when logging in)
• organization - Company name corresponding to the person, address, or contact information in the other fields associated with this field
• street-address - Street address (multiple lines, newlines preserved)
• address-line1 - Street address (one line per field, line 1)
• address-line2 - Street address (one line per field, line 2)
• address-line3 - Street address (one line per field, line 3)
• address-level4 - The most fine-grained administrative level, in addresses with four administrative levels
• address-level3 - The third administrative level, in addresses with three or more administrative levels
• address-level2 - The second administrative level, in addresses with two or more administrative levels; in the countries with two administrative levels, this would typically be the city, town, village, or other locality within which the relevant street address is found
• address-level1 - The broadest administrative level in the address, i.e., the province within which the locality is found; for example, in the US, this would be the state; in Switzerland it would be the canton; in the UK, the post town
• country - Country code
• country-name - Country name
• postal-code - Postal code, post code, ZIP code, CEDEX code (if CEDEX, append "CEDEX", and the dissement , if relevant, to the address-level2 field)
• cc-name - Full name as given on the payment instrument
• cc-given-name - Given name as given on the payment instrument (in some Western cultures, also known as the first name )
• cc-additional-name - Additional names given on the payment instrument (in some Western cultures, also known as middle names , forenames other than the first name)
• cc-family-name - Family name given on the payment instrument (in some Western cultures, also known as the last name or surname )
• cc-number - Code identifying the payment instrument (e.g., the credit card number)
• cc-exp - Expiration date of the payment instrument
• cc-exp-month - Month component of the expiration date of the payment instrument
• cc-exp-year - Year component of the expiration date of the payment instrument
• cc-csc - Security code for the payment instrument (also known as the card security code (CSC), card validation code (CVC), card verification value (CVV), signature panel code (SPC), credit card ID (CCID), etc)
• cc-type - Type of payment instrument
• transaction-currency - The currency that the user would prefer the transaction to use
• transaction-amount - The amount that the user would like for the transaction (e.g., when entering a bid or sale price)
• language - Preferred language
• bday - Birthday
• bday-day - Day component of birthday
• bday-month - Month component of birthday
• bday-year - Year component of birthday
• sex - Gender identity (e.g., Female, Fa’afafine)
• url - Home page or other Web page corresponding to the company, person, address, or contact information in the other fields associated with this field
• photo - Photograph, icon, or other image corresponding to the company, person, address, or contact information in the other fields associated with this field
• tel - Full telephone number, including country code
• tel-country-code - Country code component of the telephone number
• tel-national - Telephone number without the country code component, with a country-internal prefix applied if applicable
• tel-area-code - Area code component of the telephone number, with a country-internal prefix applied if applicable
• tel-local - Telephone number without the country code and area code components
• tel-local-prefix - First part of the component of the telephone number that follows the area code, when that component is split into two components
• tel-local-suffix - Second part of the component of the telephone number that follows the area code, when that component is split into two components
• tel-extension - Telephone number internal extension code
• email - E-mail address
• impp - URL representing an instant messaging protocol endpoint (for example, " aim:goim?screenname=example " or " xmpp:fred@example.net ")

A. Change Log

This section shows substantive changes made in WCAG 2.2 since WCAG 2.1. Errata fixes to WCAG 2.1 have also been incorporated into WCAG 2.2.

The full commit history to WCAG 2.2 is available.

• 2020-01-14: AddedFocus Visible Enhanced.

B. Acknowledgments

Additional information about participation in the Accessibility Guidelines Working Group (AG WG) can be found on the Working Group home page .

C. References