MySQL -- JOIN

栏目: 数据库 · 发布时间: 5年前

内容简介:针对场景:
CREATE TABLE `t2` (
    `id` INT(11) NOT NULL,
    `a` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL,
    `b` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
    KEY `a` (`a`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB;

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS idata;
DELIMITER ;;
CREATE PROCEDURE idata()
BEGIN
  DECLARE i INT;
  SET i=1;
  WHILE (i <= 1000) DO
    INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (i,i,i);
    SET i=i+1;
  END WHILE;
END;;
DELIMITER ;
CALL idata();

CREATE TABLE t1 LIKE t2;
INSERT INTO t1 (SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE id<=100);

Index Nested-Loop Join

-- 使用JOIN,优化器可能会选择t1或t2作为驱动表
-- 使用STRAIGHT_JOIN,使用固定的连接关系,t1为驱动表,t2为被驱动表
SELECT * FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.a=t2.a);

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.a=t2.a);
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref       | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL  | a             | NULL | NULL    | NULL      |  100 |   100.00 | Using where |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | ref  | a             | a    | 5       | test.t1.a |    1 |   100.00 | NULL        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------------+

执行过程

MySQL -- JOIN

  1. 从t1读取一行数据R
  2. 从R中取出字段a,然后到t2去查找
  3. 取出t2中满足条件的行,与R组成一行,作为结果集的一部分
  4. 重复上面步骤,直至遍历t1完毕

扫描行数

  1. 对驱动表t1做 全表扫描 ,需要扫描100行
  2. 对每一行R,根据字段a去t2查找,走的是树 搜索过程
    • 构造的数据都是一一对应,总共扫描100行
  3. 因此,整个执行流程,总扫描行数为200行
# Time: 2019-03-10T11:06:13.271095Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost []  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.001391  Lock_time: 0.000135 Rows_sent: 100  Rows_examined: 200
SET timestamp=1552215973;
SELECT * FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.a=t2.a);

不使用Join

  1. 执行 SELECT * FROM t1 ,扫描100行
  2. 循环遍历100行数据
    $R.a
    SELECT * FROM t2 WHERE a=$R.a
    
  3. 对比Join
    • 同样扫描了200行,但总共 执行了101条语句 ,客户端还需要 自己拼接 SQL语句和结果

选择驱动表

  1. 上面的查询语句, 驱动表走全部扫描被驱动表走树搜索
  2. 假设被驱动表的行数为M
    • 每次在被驱动表上查一行数据,需要先搜索 辅助索引a ,再搜索 主键索引
    • 因此,在被驱动表上查一行的时间复杂度是 $2*\log_2 M$
  3. 假设驱动表的行数为N,需要扫描驱动表N行
  4. 整个执行过程,时间复杂度为 $N + N*2*\log_2 M$
    • N对扫描行数的影响更大,因此选择 小表做驱动表

Simple Nested-Loop Join

SELECT * FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.a=t2.b);
  1. 被驱动表t2的字段b上 没有索引 ,因此每次到t2去做匹配的时候,都要做一次 全表扫描
  2. 按照上面的算法,时间复杂度为 $N + N*M$,总扫描行数为100,100次( 10W
    • 假如t1和t2都是10W行数据,那么总扫描次数为10,000,100,000次( 100亿
    • 因此,MySQL本身没有使用 Simple Nested-Loop Join 算法

Block Nested-Loop Join

针对场景: 被驱动表上没有可用的索引

join_buffer充足

执行过程

MySQL -- JOIN

  1. 把t1的数据读入线程内存 join_buffer ,执行的是 SELECT * ,因此会把整个t1读入 join_buffer
  2. 扫描t2,把t2中的每一行取出来,与 join_buffer 中的数据做对比
    • 如果满足join条件的行,作为结果集的一部分返回
-- 默认为256KB
-- 4194304 Bytes == 4 MB
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%join_buffer_size%';
+------------------+---------+
| Variable_name    | Value   |
+------------------+---------+
| join_buffer_size | 4194304 |
+------------------+---------+

EXPLAIN

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.a=t2.b);
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL  | a             | NULL | NULL    | NULL |  100 |   100.00 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 1000 |    10.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

# Time: 2019-03-10T12:19:57.245356Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost []  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.010132  Lock_time: 0.000192 Rows_sent: 100  Rows_examined: 1100
SET timestamp=1552220397;
SELECT * FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.a=t2.b);
  1. 整个过程中,对t1和t2都做了一次 全表扫描 ,总扫描行数为 1100
  2. 由于 join_buffer以无序数组 的方式组织的,因此对t2的每一行数据,都需要做100次判断
    • 因此,在内存中的总判断次数为100,000次
  3. Simple Nested-Loop Join 的扫描行数也是100,000次, 时间复杂度是一样的
    • Block Nested-Loop Join 的100,000次判断是 内存操作速度会快很多
    • Simple Nested-Loop Join 可能会涉及 磁盘操作

选择驱动表

  1. 假设小表的行数为N,大表的行数为M
  2. 两个表都要做一次 全表扫描 ,总扫描行数为 M+N
  3. 内存中的判断次数是 M*N
  4. 此时,选择大表还是小表作为驱动表, 没有任何差异

join_buffer不足

-- 放不下t1的所有数据,采取分段放的策略
SET join_buffer_size=1200;

# Time: 2019-03-10T12:30:32.194726Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost []  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.009459  Lock_time: 0.000559 Rows_sent: 100  Rows_examined: 2100
SET timestamp=1552221032;
SELECT * FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.a=t2.b);

执行过程

MySQL -- JOIN

  1. 扫描t1,顺序读取数据行放入 join_buffer ,放完第88行后 join_buffer 满,继续第2步
  2. 扫描t2,把t2中的每一行取出来,跟 join_buffer 中的数据做对比
    • 如果满足join条件的行,作为结果集的一部分返回
  3. 清空 join_buffer (为了 复用 ,体现 Block 的核心思想)
  4. 继续扫描t1,顺序取最后12行数据加入 join_buffer ,继续执行第2步

性能

  1. 由于t1被分成了两次加入 join_buffer ,导致t2会被扫描两次,因此总扫描行数为 2100
  2. 但是内存的判断次数还是不变的,依然是100,000次

选择驱动表

  1. 假设驱动表的数据行数为N,需要分K段才能完成算法流程,被驱动表的数据行数为M
    join_buffer_size
    
  2. 扫描行数为 $N + \lambda*N*M$
    • 减少N比减少M,扫描的行数会更小
    • 因此选择 小表当驱动表
  3. 内存判断次数为 $N*M$( 无需考虑
  4. 如果要减少$\lambda$的值,可以加大 join_buffer_size 的值,一次性放入的行越多,分段就越少

小表

-- 恢复为默认值256KB
SET join_buffer_size=262144;

过滤行数

t1为驱动表

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.b=t2.b) WHERE t2.id<=50;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL |  100 |   100.00 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |   50 |    10.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

# Time: 2019-03-10T13:15:50.346563Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost []  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.001006  Lock_time: 0.000162 Rows_sent: 50  Rows_examined: 150
SET timestamp=1552223750;
SELECT * FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.b=t2.b) WHERE t2.id<=50;

t2为驱动表

join_buffer 只需要放入t2的前50行,因此 t2的前50行 相对于 t1的所有行 来说是一个 更小的表

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t2 STRAIGHT_JOIN t1 ON (t1.b=t2.b) WHERE t2.id<=50;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |   50 |   100.00 | Using where                                        |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL |  100 |    10.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

# Time: 2019-03-10T13:18:26.656339Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost []  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.000965  Lock_time: 0.000150 Rows_sent: 50  Rows_examined: 150
SET timestamp=1552223906;
SELECT * FROM t2 STRAIGHT_JOIN t1 ON (t1.b=t2.b) WHERE t2.id<=50;

优化器选择

-- 选择t2作为驱动表
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 JOIN t2 ON (t1.b=t2.b) WHERE t2.id<=50;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |   50 |   100.00 | Using where                                        |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL |  100 |    10.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

列数量

t1为驱动表

t1只查字段b,如果将t1放入 join_buffer ,只需要放入字段b的值

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT t1.b,t2.* FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.b=t2.b) WHERE t2.id<=100;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL |  100 |   100.00 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |  100 |    10.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

# Time: 2019-03-10T13:23:55.558748Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost []  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.002742  Lock_time: 0.000123 Rows_sent: 100  Rows_examined: 200
SET timestamp=1552224235;
SELECT t1.b,t2.* FROM t1 STRAIGHT_JOIN t2 ON (t1.b=t2.b) WHERE t2.id<=100;

t2为驱动表

t2要查所有的字段,如果将t2放入 join_buffer ,要放入三个字段 idab ,因此t1是 更小的表

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT t1.b,t2.* FROM t2 STRAIGHT_JOIN t1 on (t1.b=t2.b) WHERE t2.id<=100;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |  100 |   100.00 | Using where                                        |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL |  100 |    10.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

# Time: 2019-03-10T13:24:51.561116Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ localhost []  Id:     8
# Query_time: 0.002680  Lock_time: 0.000907 Rows_sent: 100  Rows_examined: 200
SET timestamp=1552224291;
SELECT t1.b,t2.* FROM t2 STRAIGHT_JOIN t1 on (t1.b=t2.b) WHERE t2.id<=100;

优化器选择

-- 但优化器依然选择了t2作为驱动表
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT t1.b,t2.* FROM t2 JOIN t1 on (t1.b=t2.b) WHERE t2.id<=100;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |  100 |   100.00 | Using where                                        |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL |  100 |    10.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+

小结

选择驱动表时,应该是 按照各自的条件过滤 ,然后 计算参与join的各个字段的总数据量 ,数量量小的表,才是小表

常见问题

  1. 能否可以使用Join
    • 如果使用 Index Nested-Loop Join ,即 用上了被驱动表上的索引 ,其实 问题不大
    • 如果使用 Block Nested-Loop Join扫描行数可能会过多尽量避免使用 ,通过 EXPLAIN 确认
  2. 选择小表还是大表作为驱动表
    • 如果使用 Index Nested-Loop Join ,选择 小表 作为驱动表
    • 如果使用 Block Nested-Loop Join
      • join_buffer 充足时, 没有区别
      • join_buffer 不足时(更常见),选择 小表 作为驱动表
    • 结论: 选择小表做驱动表

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