内容简介:上文宜人贷蜂巢API网关技术解密之Netty使用实践提到了,API网关“承外对内”,将外部请求,转发到内部各个抓取服务。在网关中,不仅可以做鉴权、加解密、路由、限流功能;如果想了解各服务接口的调用次数、调用时间、成功次数、失败次数等接口相关的统计,都可以网关中埋点,采集相关信息,通过logstash放入elasticsearch(简称es),在kibana中或通过es的http请求获得各服务接口的统计信息。图前段时间有一个需求,我们的es需要作为一个服务提供出来。考虑到es内保存着敏感数据,需要对es添加权
前言
上文宜人贷蜂巢API网关技术解密之Netty使用实践提到了,API网关“承外对内”,将外部请求,转发到内部各个抓取服务。在网关中,不仅可以做鉴权、加解密、路由、限流功能;如果想了解各服务接口的调用次数、调用时间、成功次数、失败次数等接口相关的统计,都可以网关中埋点,采集相关信息,通过logstash放入elasticsearch(简称es),在kibana中或通过es的http请求获得各服务接口的统计信息。
ELK框架
图
前段时间有一个需求,我们的es需要作为一个服务提供出来。考虑到es内保存着敏感数据,需要对es添加权限管理功能。搜寻es权限管理,大概有三套方案:
- ELK Stack官方安全插件X-Pack Securit
- es安全插件Search Guard
- 自实现权限管理
考虑到X-Pack Security是收费软件,自开发一个权限管理模块成本比较高,最后选用了Search Guard的社区版本,其支持的功能已经满足当前需求。
图
Search Guard安装过程
- Stop Elasticsearch
ps -ef | grep elasticsearch | grep -v grep |
awk {'print $2'} | xargs kill -9
- Install Search Guard
/opt/soft/elasticsearch-5.5.1-guard/bin/
elasticsearch-plugin install -b
com.floragunn:search-guard-5:5.5.1-14
如果线上服务器不能访问外网,可以事先下载对应版本的 Search Guard,再以本地模式安装
/opt/soft/elasticsearch-5.5.1-guard/bin/
elasticsearch-plugin install -b
file:///opt/soft/search-guard-5-5.5.1-15.zip
-
产生证书及配置es
如果在测试环境安装es,可以使用软件自带的脚本,生成CA及相应证书,并自动配置了es
sh /opt/soft/elasticsearch-5.5.1-guard/plugins/search-guard-5/tools/install_demo_configuration.sh
但以上方式不适用于线上环境,我们的es希望在线上环境能提供权限访问控制,所以采用了search-guard-ssl生成线上证书
-
首先,下载了search-guard-ssl项目
git clone https://github.com/floragunnc...
生成证书,可以参考官方文档详细说明
- 建议修改证书信息及密码
example-pki-scripts/etc/root-ca.conf
example-pki-scripts/etc/signing-ca.conf
- 最后,执行证书生成脚本
sh ./example.sh
- 将相应的证书拷贝到es的config文件夹下
- 修改es配置
cluster.name: honeycomb-es-guard-5.5.1# node 1 to 5 node.name: node-1 path.data: /data01/elasticsearch-guard path.logs: /opt/logs/elasticsearch-guard network.host: 0.0.0.0 http.cors.enabled: true http.cors.allow-origin: "*" thread_pool.bulk.queue_size: 50 searchguard.ssl.transport.keystore_filepath: node-1-keystore.jks searchguard.ssl.transport.keystore_password: node_es searchguard.ssl.transport.truststore_filepath: truststore.jks searchguard.ssl.transport.truststore_password: r_ca_honeycomb searchguard.ssl.transport.enforce_hostname_verification: false searchguard.ssl.transport.enable_openssl_if_available: true searchguard.ssl.transport.resolve_hostname: false searchguard.ssl.http.enabled: true searchguard.ssl.http.keystore_filepath: node-1-keystore.jks searchguard.ssl.http.keystore_password: node_es searchguard.ssl.http.truststore_filepath: truststore.jks searchguard.ssl.http.truststore_password: r_ca_honeycomb searchguard.authcz.admin_dn: - CN=*,OU=client,O=client,L=test, C=de - CN=kirk,OU=client,O=client,L=test,C=DE searchguard.ssl.http.clientauth_mode: NONE
-
Restart Elasticsearch.
su elk
/opt/soft/elasticsearch-5.5.1-guard/bin/elasticsearch -d
- Initialise the Search Guard index by running sgadmin
<span style="font-family:monospace;font-size:14px;">/opt/soft/elasticsearch-5.5.1-guard/plugins/search-guard-5/tools/sgadmin.sh -cd /opt/soft/elasticsearch-5.5.1-guard/plugins/search-guard-5/sgconfig/ -cn honeycomb-es-guard-5.5.1 -ks /opt/soft/elasticsearch-5.5.1-guard/config/kirk-keystore.jks -kspass ki_ca_1 -ts /opt/soft/elasticsearch-5.5.1-guard/config/truststore.jks -tspass r_ca_honeycomb –nhnv</span>
- 测试结果
curl -k -u admin:admin ' https://localhost :9200/_searchguard/authinfo?pretty'
图
es装上Search Guard后的ELK框架
图
kibana修改步骤
安装插件
/opt/soft/kibana-5.5.1-linux-x86_64-guard/bin/kibana-plugin install file:///opt/soft/searchguard-kibana-5.5.1-4.zip
kibana配置
server.port: 5601
server.host: "0.0.0.0"
elasticsearch.url: "https://localhost:9200"
kibana.index: ".kibana"
elasticsearch.username: "kibanaserver"
elasticsearch.password: "kibanaserver"
elasticsearch.ssl.verificationMode: none
- start kibana
/opt/soft/kibana-5.5.1-linux-x86_64-guard/bin/kibana &
- 访问页面 ![图][5] ##logstash修改步骤 logstash在按照官方文档配置,且咨询Search Guard官方后,并没有安装成功;现列出操作过程及问题现象,如有哪位读者了解,还望不吝赐教 - Configure logstash to use HTTPS instead of HTTP. 例如,hosts => "https://..." - If you want to verify the server’s certificate (optional, but recommended), you need to provide the path to the keystore containing your Root CA as well. logstash不需要验证es的证书,所以设置ssl_certificate_verification => false 如果进行证书验证,需配置CA路径及密码 - Configure the logstash username and password. ####最终配置
output {
elasticsearch {
hosts => ["https://xx.xx.xx.32:9200"] index => "%{log_project}-%{+YYYY-MM-dd}" ssl => true ssl_certificate_verification => false #truststore => "/opt/soft/elasticsearch-5.5.1-guard/config/truststore.jks" #truststore_password => r_ca_honeycomb user => logstash password => logstash
}
}
- start logstash /opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/bin/logstash -f /opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/conf/honeycomb-logstash.conf ##问题 ####1. Search Guard 建议logstash不做证书验证且不需要提供truststore和truststore_password,但按操作后,进程启动成功,但仍有fail提示
WARNINGDetected UNSAFE options in elasticsearch output configuration!
WARNINGYou have enabled encryption but DISABLED certificate verification.
WARNINGTo make sure your data is secure change :ssl_certificate_verification to true {:level=>:warn}
PKIX path building failed: sun.security.provider.certpath.SunCertPathBuilderException: unable to find valid certification path to requested target {:class=>"Manticore::ClientProtocolException", :level=>:error}
Pipeline main started
####2. logstash在启动后,发送数据给es时,始终报错
Attempted to send a bulk request to Elasticsearch configured at '["https://xx.xx.xx.32:9200"]',
but an error occurred and it failed! Are you sure you can reach elasticsearch from this machine using the configuration provided?
{:error_message=>"PKIX path building failed:
sun.security.provider.certpath.SunCertPathBuilderException: unable to find valid certification path to requested
target", :error_class=>"Manticore::ClientProtocolException", :backtrace=>["/opt/soft/logstash-
2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/manticore-0.6.0-java/lib/manticore/response.rb:37:in `initialize'",
"org/jruby/RubyProc.java:281:in `call'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/manticore-0.6.0-java/lib/manticore/response.rb:79:in `call'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/manticore-0.6.0-java/lib/manticore/response.rb:256:in `call_once'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/manticore-0.6.0-java/lib/manticore/response.rb:153:in `code'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/elasticsearch-transport-1.1.0/lib/elasticsearch/transport/transport/http/manticore.rb:84:in `perform_request'",
"org/jruby/RubyProc.java:281:in `call'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/elasticsearch-transport-1.1.0/lib/elasticsearch/transport/transport/base.rb:257:in `perform_request'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/elasticsearch-transport-1.1.0/lib/elasticsearch/transport/transport/http/manticore.rb:67:in `perform_request'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/elasticsearch-transport-1.1.0/lib/elasticsearch/transport/client.rb:128:in `perform_request'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/elasticsearch-api-1.1.0/lib/elasticsearch/api/actions/bulk.rb:93:in `bulk'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-output-elasticsearch-2.7.1-java/lib/logstash/outputs/elasticsearch/http_client.rb:53:in `non_threadsafe_bulk'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-output-elasticsearch-2.7.1-java/lib/logstash/outputs/elasticsearch/http_client.rb:38:in `bulk'",
"org/jruby/ext/thread/Mutex.java:149:in `synchronize'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-output-elasticsearch-2.7.1-java/lib/logstash/outputs/elasticsearch/http_client.rb:38:in `bulk'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-output-elasticsearch-2.7.1-java/lib/logstash/outputs/elasticsearch/common.rb:172:in `safe_bulk'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-output-elasticsearch-2.7.1-java/lib/logstash/outputs/elasticsearch/common.rb:101:in `submit'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-output-elasticsearch-2.7.1-java/lib/logstash/outputs/elasticsearch/common.rb:86:in retrying_submit'", "/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-output-elasticsearch-2.7.1-java/lib/logstash/outputs/elasticsearch/common.rb:29:in
multi_receive'", "org/jruby/RubyArray.java:1653:in each_slice'", "/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-output-elasticsearch-2.7.1-java/lib/logstash/outputs/elasticsearch/common.rb:28:in
multi_receive'", "/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-core-2.4.1-java/lib/logstash/output_delegator.rb:130:in `worker_multi_receive'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-core-2.4.1-java/lib/logstash/output_delegator.rb:114:in `multi_receive'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-core-2.4.1-java/lib/logstash/pipeline.rb:301:in `output_batch'",
"org/jruby/RubyHash.java:1342:in each'", "/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-core-2.4.1-java/lib/logstash/pipeline.rb:301:in
output_batch'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-core-2.4.1-java/lib/logstash/pipeline.rb:232:in `worker_loop'",
"/opt/soft/logstash-2.4.1-guard/vendor/bundle/jruby/1.9/gems/logstash-core-2.4.1-java/lib/logstash/pipeline.rb:201:in `start_workers'"], :level=>:error}
看日志似乎是目的不可达,但在logstash机器上,通过命令测试,是可以访问的 curl -k -u logstash:logstash 'https://xx.xx.xx.32:9200/_searchguard/authinfo?pretty' ![图][6] 另外es有打印错误日志
2017-08-24T10:39:20,834[c.f.s.h.SearchGuardHttpServerTransport] [node-2] SSL Problem Received fatal alert: certificate_unknown
javax.net.ssl.SSLException: Received fatal alert: certificate_unknown
at sun.security.ssl.Alerts.getSSLException(Alerts.java:208) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.fatal(SSLEngineImpl.java:1666) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.fatal(SSLEngineImpl.java:1634) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.recvAlert(SSLEngineImpl.java:1800) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.readRecord(SSLEngineImpl.java:1083) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.readNetRecord(SSLEngineImpl.java:907) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.unwrap(SSLEngineImpl.java:781) ~[?:?] at javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine.unwrap(SSLEngine.java:624) ~[?:1.8.0_131] at io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler$SslEngineType$3.unwrap(SslHandler.java:254) ~[netty-handler-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler.unwrap(SslHandler.java:1156) ~[netty-handler-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler.decode(SslHandler.java:1078) ~[netty-handler-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.decodeRemovalReentryProtection(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:489) ~[netty-codec-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.callDecode(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:428) ~[netty-codec-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.channelRead(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:265) ~[netty-codec-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:362) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:348) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:340) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline$HeadContext.channelRead(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:1334) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:362) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:348) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline.fireChannelRead(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:926) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioByteChannel$NioByteUnsafe.read(AbstractNioByteChannel.java:134) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.processSelectedKey(NioEventLoop.java:644) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.processSelectedKeysPlain(NioEventLoop.java:544) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.processSelectedKeys(NioEventLoop.java:498) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoop.run(NioEventLoop.java:458) [netty-transport-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor$5.run(SingleThreadEventExecutor.java:858) [netty-common-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) [?:1.8.0_131]
2017-08-24T10:39:21,663[c.f.s.h.SearchGuardHttpServerTransport] [node-2] SSL Problem Received fatal alert: certificate_unknown
javax.net.ssl.SSLException: Received fatal alert: certificate_unknown
at sun.security.ssl.Alerts.getSSLException(Alerts.java:208) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.fatal(SSLEngineImpl.java:1666) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.fatal(SSLEngineImpl.java:1634) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.recvAlert(SSLEngineImpl.java:1800) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.readRecord(SSLEngineImpl.java:1083) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.readNetRecord(SSLEngineImpl.java:907) ~[?:?] at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.unwrap(SSLEngineImpl.java:781) ~[?:?] at javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine.unwrap(SSLEngine.java:624) ~[?:1.8.0_131] at io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler$SslEngineType$3.unwrap(SslHandler.java:254) ~[netty-handler-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler.unwrap(SslHandler.java:1156) ~[netty-handler-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler.decode(SslHandler.java:1078) ~[netty-handler-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.decodeRemovalReentryProtection(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:489) ~[netty-codec-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final] at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.callDecode(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:428) ~[netty-codec-4.1.11.Final.jar:4.1.11.Final]
####3、上文es的错误日志,显示es不知道证书(应该是客户端证书),但是已经配置了不做客户端认证,这又是为什么? es部分配置 searchguard.ssl.http.clientauth_mode: NONE ##总结 虽然logstash与es通信暂时没有成功,但是在尝试开通es权限的过程中,也积累了些经验和成果 1. 使用类似文中curl的方式(http请求),直接使用es服务 2. 添加了Search Guard的es如何对外提供域名访问,实现后端多点服务/路由 nginx可以处理来自外部的https请求,但目前不支持https代理,即nginx不能访问后端的https服务。如果仍然使用Search Guard,可以考虑使用四层负载均衡器lvs或者硬件负载均衡器,将请求透传给后端服务器;另外知乎文章上有推荐使用Squid。 ##参考 https://floragunn.com/ https://github.com/floragunncom/search-guard-docs https://github.com/floragunncom/search-guard-docs/blob/master/installation.md https://github.com/floragunncom/search-guard-docs/blob/master/tls_generate_demo_certificates.md https://github.com/floragunncom/search-guard-ssl/tree/5.5.0 https://github.com/floragunncom/search-guard-docs/blob/master/kibana.md https://github.com/floragunncom/search-guard-docs/blob/master/logstash.md https://forum.nginx.org/read.php?2,15124,15256 https://www.zhihu.com/question/19871146 作者:蜂巢团队 [宜信技术学院][7] [1]: /img/bVbpnWX [2]: /img/bVbpnW4 [3]: /img/bVbpnW8 [4]: /img/bVbpnXd [5]: /img/bVbpnXp [6]: /img/bVbpnXr
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Linux内核设计与实现
拉芙 / 陈莉君、唐华、张波 / 机械工业出版社 / 2006-1 / 38.00元
《Linux内核设计与实现》基于Linux2.6内核系列详细介绍Linux内核系统,覆盖了从核心内核系统的应用到内核设计与实现等各方面的内容。主要内容包括:进程管理、系统调用、中断和中断处理程序、内核同步、时间管理、内存管理、地址空间、调试技术等。本书理论联系实践,既介绍理论也讨论具体应用,能够带领读者快速走进Linux内核世界,真正开发内核代码。 本书适合作为高等院校操作系统课程的教材......一起来看看 《Linux内核设计与实现》 这本书的介绍吧!