内容简介:语言对比手册是我一直想写的一个系列:经过认真思考,我决定从纵向和横行两个方面来比较Java,Kotlin,Javascript,C++,Python,Dart,六种语言。纵向版按知识点进行划分,总篇数不定,横向版按语言进行划分,共6篇。其中:
语言对比手册是我一直想写的一个系列:经过认真思考,我决定从纵向和横行两个方面
来比较Java,Kotlin,Javascript,C++,Python,Dart,六种语言。
纵向版按知识点进行划分,总篇数不定,横向版按语言进行划分,共6篇。其中:
Java基于jdk8 Kotlin基于jdk8 JavaScript基于node11.10.1,使用ES6+ C++基于C++14 Python基于 Python 3.7.2 Dart基于Dart2.1.0 复制代码
别的先不说,helloworld走起
1.Java版:
public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("HelloWorld"); } } 复制代码
2.Kotlin版:
fun main(args: Array<String>) { println("HelloWorld") } 复制代码
3.JavaScript版:
console.log("HelloWorld"); 复制代码
4.C++版:
#include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl; return 0; } 复制代码
5.Python版:
if __name__ == '__main__': print("HelloWorld") 复制代码
6.Dart版:
main() { print("HelloWorld"); } 复制代码
一、 Java 代码实现
怎么看都是我家Java的类最好看
1.类的定义和构造(析构)函数
定义一个Shape类,在构造方法中打印语句
|-- 类定义 public class Shape { public Shape() {//构造器 System.out.println("Shape构造函数"); } } |-- 类实例化 Shape shape = new Shape(); 复制代码
2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
私有成员变量+get+set+一参构造器+公共成员方法
public class Shape { private String name; public Shape(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public void draw() { System.out.println("绘制" + name); } ... } |-- 使用 Shape shape = new Shape("Shape"); shape.draw();//绘制Shape shape.setName("四维空间"); System.out.println(shape.getName());//四维空间 复制代码
3.类的继承
关键字 extends
public class Point extends Shape { public Point(String name) { super(name); } public int x; public int y; } |-- 使用 子类可使用父类的方法 Point point = new Point("二维点"); point.draw();//绘制二维点 System.out.println(point.getName());//二维点 复制代码
4.类的多态性
借用C++的一句话:父类指针指向子类引用
---->[Shape子类:Circle]-------------------------- public class Circle extends Shape { private int mRadius; public int getRadius() { return mRadius; } public void setRadius(int radius) { mRadius = radius; } public Circle() { } public Circle(String name) { super(name); } @Override public void draw() { System.out.println("Draw in Circle"); } } ---->[Shape子类:Point]-------------------------- public class Point extends Shape { public Point() { } public Point(String name) { super(name); } public int x; public int y; @Override public void draw() { System.out.println("Draw in Point"); } } ---->[测试函数]-------------------------- private static void doDraw(Shape shape) { shape.draw(); } |-- 相同父类不同类对象执行不同方法 Shape point = new Point(); doDraw(point);//Draw in Point Shape circle = new Circle(); doDraw(circle);//Draw in Circle 复制代码
5.其他特性
|--- 抽象类 public abstract class Shape { ... public abstract void draw(); ... } |--- 接口 public interface Drawable { void draw(); } |--- 类实现接口 public class Shape implements Drawable { 复制代码
二、Kotlin代码实现
冉冉升起的新星,功能比java胖了一大圈,就是感觉挺乱的...
1.类的定义和构造(析构)函数
|-- 类定义 open class Shape { constructor() { println("Shape构造函数") } //init {//init初始化是时也可执行 // println("Shape初始化") //} } |-- 类实例化 val shape = Shape()//形式1 val shape: Shape = Shape()//形式2 复制代码
2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
|-- 方式一:构造方法初始化 class Shape { var name: String? = null constructor(name: String) { this.name = name } fun draw() { println("绘制" + name!!) } ... } |-- 方式二:使用初始化列表 class Shape (name: String) { var name = name fun draw() { println("绘制" + name) } } |-- 使用 val shape = Shape("Shape") shape.draw()//绘制Shape shape.name="四维空间" System.out.println(shape.name)//四维空间 复制代码
3.类的继承
|-- 继承-构造函数 class Point : Shape { var x: Int = 0 var y: Int = 0 constructor(name: String) : super(name) {} override fun draw() { println("Draw in Point") } } |-- 继承-父构造器 class Circle(name: String) : Shape(name) { var radius: Int = 0 override fun draw() { println("Draw in Circle") } } |--使用 val point = Point("二维点"); point.draw();//绘制二维点 System.out.println(point.name);//二维点 复制代码
4.类的多态性
doDraw(Point("Point"));//Draw in Point doDraw(Circle("Circle"));//Draw in Circle fun doDraw(shape: Shape) { shape.draw() } 复制代码
5.其他特性
|--- 抽象类 abstract class Shape (name: String) { var name = name abstract fun draw(); } |--- 接口 interface Drawable { fun draw() } |--- 类实现接口 open class Shape(name: String) : Drawable { 复制代码
三、JavaScript代码实现
1.类的定义和构造(析构)函数
|-- 类定义 class Shape { constructor() {//构造器 console.log("Shape构造函数"); } } module.exports = Shape; |-- 类实例化 const Shape = require('./Shape'); let shape = new Shape(); 复制代码
2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
|-- 简单封装 class Shape { get name() { return this._name; } set name(value) { this._name = value; } constructor(name) { this._name = name; } draw() { console.log("绘制" + this._name); } } module.exports = Shape; |-- 使用 let shape = new Shape("Shape"); shape.draw();//绘制Shape shape.name = "四维空间"; console.log(shape.name);//四维空间 复制代码
3.类的继承
---->[Point.js]----------------- const Shape = require('./Shape'); class Point extends Shape { constructor(name) { super(name); this.x = 0; this.y = 0; } draw() { console.log("Draw in " + this.name); } } module.exports = Point; ---->[Circle.js]----------------- const Shape = require('./Shape'); class Circle extends Shape { constructor(name) { super(name); this.radius = 0; } draw() { console.log("Draw in " + this.name); } } module.exports = Circle; |-- 使用 const Point = require('./Point'); const Circle = require('./Circle'); let point =new Point("Point"); point.draw();//Draw in Point point.x = 100; console.log(point.x);//100 let circle =new Circle("Circle"); circle.draw();//Draw in Circle circle.radius = 100; console.log(circle.radius);//100 复制代码
4.类的多态性
这姑且算是多态吧...
doDraw(new Point());//Draw in Point doDraw(new Circle());//Draw in Circle function doDraw(shape) { shape.draw(); } 复制代码
二、C++代码实现
1.类的定义和构造(析构)函数
---->[Shape.h]----------------- #ifndef C_SHAPE_H #define C_SHAPE_H class Shape { public: Shape(); ~Shape(); }; #endif //C_SHAPE_H ---->[Shape.cpp]----------------- #include "Shape.h" #include <iostream> using namespace std; Shape::Shape() { cout << "Shape构造函数" << endl; } Shape::~Shape() { cout << "Shape析造函数" << endl; } |-- 类实例化 Shape shape;//实例化对象 Shape *shape = new Shape();//自己开辟内存实例化 delete shape; shape = nullptr; 复制代码
2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
---->[Shape.h]----------------- ... #include <string> using namespace std; class Shape { public: ... string &getName(); Shape(string &name); void setName(string &name); void draw(); private: string name; }; ... ---->[Shape.cpp]----------------- ... string &Shape::getName() { return name; } void Shape::setName(string &name) { Shape::name = name; } Shape::Shape(string &name) : name(name) {} void Shape::draw() { cout << "draw " << name << endl; } |-- 使用(指针形式) Shape *shape = new Shape(); string name="four side space"; shape->setName(name); shape->draw();//draw four side space delete shape; shape = nullptr; 复制代码
3.类的继承
---->[Point.h]------------------ #ifndef CPP_POINT_H #define CPP_POINT_H #include "Shape.h" class Point : public Shape{ public: int x; int y; void draw() override; }; #endif //CPP_POINT_H ---->[Point.cpp]------------------ #include "Point.h" #include <iostream> using namespace std; void Point::draw() { cout << "Draw in Point" << endl; } |-- 使用 Point *point = new Point(); point->draw();//Draw in Point point->x = 100; cout << point->x << endl;//100 复制代码
4.类的多态性
---->[Circle.h]------------------ #ifndef CPP_CIRCLE_H #define CPP_CIRCLE_H #include "Shape.h" class Circle : public Shape{ public: void draw() override; private: int mRadius; }; #endif //CPP_CIRCLE_H ---->[Circle.cpp]------------------ #include "Circle.h" #include <iostream> using namespace std; void Circle::draw() { cout << "Draw in Point" << endl; } |-- 使用 Shape *point = new Point(); Shape *circle = new Circle(); doDraw(point); doDraw(circle); void doDraw(Shape *pShape) { pShape->draw(); } 复制代码
5.其他特性
|-- 含有纯虚函数的类为抽象类 ---->[Shape.h]---------------- ... virtual void draw() const = 0; ... |-- 子类需要覆写纯虚函数,否则不能直接实例化 ---->[Circle.h]---------------- ... public: void draw() const override; ... 复制代码
五、Python代码实现
1.类的定义和构造函数
|-- 类定义 class Shape: def __init__(self): print("Shape构造函数") |-- 类实例化 from python.Shape import Shape shape = Shape() 复制代码
2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
---->[Shape.py]----------------- class Shape: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name print("Shape构造函数") def draw(self): print("draw " + self.name) |-- 使用 shape = Shape("Shape") shape.draw()#draw Shape shape.name="四维空间" shape.draw()#draw 四维空间 复制代码
3.类的继承
---->[Point.py]------------------ from python.Shape import Shape class Point(Shape): def __init__(self, name): super().__init__(name) self.x = 0 self.y = 0 def draw(self): print("Draw in Point") |-- 使用 point = Point("Point") point.draw()#Draw in Point point.x=100 print(point.x)#100 复制代码
4.类的多态性
---->[Circle.py]------------------ from python.Shape import Shape class Circle(Shape): def __init__(self, name): super().__init__(name) self.radius = 0 def draw(self): print("Draw in Circle") |-- 使用 def doDraw(shape): shape.draw() doDraw(Point("Point"))#Draw in Point doDraw(Circle("Circle"))#Draw in Circle 复制代码
六、Dart代码实现
1.类的定义和构造函数
|-- 类定义 class Shape { Shape() { print("Shape构造函数"); } } |-- 类实例化 import 'Shape.dart'; var shape = Shape(); 复制代码
2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
---->[Shape.dart]----------------- class Shape { String name; Shape(this.name); draw() { print("draw " +name); } } |-- 使用 var shape = Shape("Shape"); shape.draw();//draw Shape shape.name="四维空间"; shape.draw();//draw 四维空间 复制代码
3.类的继承
---->[Point.dart]------------------ import 'Shape.dart'; class Point extends Shape { Point(String name) : super(name); int x; int y; @override draw() { print("Draw in Point"); } } |-- 使用 var point = Point("Point"); point.draw();//Draw in Point point.x=100; print(point.x);//100 复制代码
4.类的多态性
---->[Circle.dart]------------------ import 'Shape.dart'; class Circle extends Shape { Circle(String name) : super(name); int radius; @override draw() { print("Draw in Circle"); } } |-- 使用 doDraw(Point("Point"));//Draw in Point doDraw(Circle("Circle"));//Draw in Circle void doDraw(Shape shape) { shape.draw(); } 复制代码
5.其他特性
|-- 抽象类 ---->[Drawable.dart]---------------- abstract class Drawable { void draw(); } ... |-- 实现 ---->[Shape.dart]---------------- import 'Drawable.dart'; class Shape implements Drawable{ String name; Shape(this.name); @override void draw() { print("draw " +name); } } 复制代码
后记:捷文规范
1.本文成长记录及勘误表
项目源码 | 日期 | 附录 |
---|---|---|
V0.1--无 | 2018-3-2 | 无 |
发布名: 编程语言对比手册-纵向版[-类-]
捷文链接: juejin.im/post/5c7785…
2.更多关于我
笔名 | 微信 | |
---|---|---|
张风捷特烈 | 1981462002 | zdl1994328 |
我的github: github.com/toly1994328
我的简书: www.jianshu.com/u/e4e52c116…
我的简书: www.jianshu.com/u/e4e52c116…
个人网站:www.toly1994.com
3.声明
1----本文由张风捷特烈原创,转载请注明
2----欢迎广大编程爱好者共同交流
3----个人能力有限,如有不正之处欢迎大家批评指证,必定虚心改正
4----看到这里,我在此感谢你的喜欢与支持
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作能带来一定的帮助,也希望大家多多支持 码农网
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