内容简介：使用审计功能记录错误密码登陆信息
恢复完UAT环境，发现业务用户总被锁定，问谁都说自己的程序密码是对的，本来想写个触发器记录是谁总用错误的密码登陆数据库，发现这个数据库的审计没有关闭(11g默认审计功能是开启的)，是打开的。数据库版本11.2.0.4。
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SQL> show parameter audit
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NAME TYPE VALUE
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------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
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audit_file_dest string /u01/app/oracle/admin/PROD/adu
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mp
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audit_sys_operations boolean FALSE
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audit_syslog_level string
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audit_trail string DB
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在11g如果没有关闭掉审计的功能，默认是可以记录错误密码登陆信息的，很幸运的是，这个功能并没有被禁掉。那么查询AUD$表就能查询到错误密码登陆信息。以下是在没有做过任何设置的11.2.0.4.0版本的数据库中做的测试，先使用错误密码登陆数据库。
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[oracle@secdb1 admin]$ sqlplus dbdream/oracle@localhost/PROD
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SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Thu Jul 16 11:48:17 2015
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Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
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ERROR:
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ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
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Enter user-name:
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ERROR:
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ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
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Enter user-name:
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ERROR:
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ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
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SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus
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查询AUD$表，其中returncode字段记录的就是用户登录信息，1017位密码错误，登录失败，0为正常登录数据库。
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SQL> select userid,userhost,terminal,returncode,spare1 from aud$;
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USERID USERHOST TERMINAL RETURNCODE SPARE1
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---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
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DBDREAM secdb1 pts/1 1017 oracle
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11g默认不止开启了错误密码登陆的审计，正常登录到数据库的连接也会被审计到，下面先通过正确的密码登陆数据库。
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[oracle@secdb1 ~]$ sqlplus dbdream/dbdream@localhost/PROD
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SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Thu Jul 16 11:54:21 2015
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Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
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Connected to:
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Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
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With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
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SQL>
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查询AUD$表会发现，这个连接也被记录了。
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SQL> select userid,userhost,terminal,returncode,spare1 from aud$;
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USERID USERHOST TERMINAL RETURNCODE SPARE1
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---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
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DBDREAM secdb1 pts/1 1017 oracle
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DBDREAM secdb1 pts/1 0 oracle
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在10g版本，审计默认是关闭的，下面是10.2.0.1.0版本的数据库，审计默认关闭。
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SYS@EMREP> select * from v$version;
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BANNER
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----------------------------------------------------------------
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Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Prod
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PL/SQL Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
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CORE 10.2.0.1.0 Production
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TNS for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
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NLSRTL Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
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SYS@EMREP> show parameter audit
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NAME TYPE VALUE
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------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
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audit_file_dest string /u01/app/oracle/admin/EMREP/ad
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ump
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audit_sys_operations boolean FALSE
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audit_syslog_level string
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audit_trail string NONE
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打开审计功能，看看是否可以审计到用户登录信息。
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YS@EMREP> alter system set audit_trail=db scope=spfile;
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System altered.
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SYS@EMREP> startup force
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ORACLE instance started.
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Total System Global Area 587202560 bytes
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Fixed Size 1220724 bytes
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Variable Size 188747660 bytes
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Database Buffers 394264576 bytes
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Redo Buffers 2969600 bytes
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Database mounted.
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Database opened.
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SYS@EMREP> show parameter audit
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NAME TYPE VALUE
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------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
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audit_file_dest string /u01/app/oracle/admin/EMREP/ad
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ump
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audit_sys_operations boolean FALSE
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audit_syslog_level string
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audit_trail string DB
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audit_trail是静态参数，修改后需要重启数据库才能生效。使用错误的密码登陆数据库，看看是否会被审计到。
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[oracle@dbdream admin]$ sqlplus dbdream/oracle@localhost/EMREP
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SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Jul 16 13:13:57 2015
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Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
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ERROR:
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ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
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09
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10
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Enter user-name:
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11
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ERROR:
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ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
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13
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Enter user-name:
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ERROR:
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ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
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SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus
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查询AUD$表，看看是否记录错误密码登陆的信息。
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SYS@EMREP> select userid,userhost,terminal,returncode,spare1 from aud$;
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no rows selected
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10g版本的审计默认是不记录错误密码登陆的信息，需要手动设置。
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SYS@EMREP> audit session whenever not successful;
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Audit succeeded.
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再次使用错误密码登陆数据库，此时就会被记录下来。
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Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
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With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Data Mining Scoring Engine options
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[oracle@dbdream admin]$ sqlplus dbdream/oracle@localhost/EMREP
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SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Jul 16 13:15:04 2015
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Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
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ERROR:
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ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
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Enter user-name:
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ERROR:
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ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
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Enter user-name:
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ERROR:
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ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
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SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus
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SYS@EMREP> select userid,userhost,terminal,returncode,spare1 from aud$;
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USERID USERHOST TERMINAL RETURNCODE SPARE1
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---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
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DBDREAM dbdream pts/2 1017 oracle
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那么正常登录到数据库是否会被审计记录下来呢？下面使用正确的密码登陆数据库。
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[oracle@dbdream admin]$ sqlplus dbdream/dbdream@localhost/EMREP
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SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Jul 16 13:16:07 2015
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Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
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Connected to:
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Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
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With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Data Mining Scoring Engine options
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DBDREAM@localhost/EMREP>
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SYS@EMREP> select userid,userhost,terminal,returncode,spare1 from aud$;
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USERID USERHOST TERMINAL RETURNCODE SPARE1
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---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
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DBDREAM dbdream pts/2 1017 oracle
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查询发现正常登录数据库的操作并没有被记录下来，要想记录正常登录的信息，也需要手动配置。
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SYS@EMREP> audit session whenever successful;
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Audit succeeded.
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SYS@EMREP> !
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[oracle@dbdream admin]$ sqlplus dbdream/dbdream@localhost/EMREP
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SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Jul 16 13:17:51 2015
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Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
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Connected to:
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Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
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With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Data Mining Scoring Engine options
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DBDREAM@localhost/EMREP> exit
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Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
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With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Data Mining Scoring Engine options
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[oracle@dbdream admin]$ exit
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exit
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SYS@EMREP> select userid,userhost,terminal,returncode,spare1 from aud$;
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USERID USERHOST TERMINAL RETURNCODE SPARE1
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---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
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DBDREAM dbdream pts/2 1017 oracle
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DBDREAM dbdream pts/2 0 oracle
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11g简化了审计的配置，但是AUD$表会越来越大，需要定期清理，而很多人是不会注意这些的，就会导致system表空间使用率很高。
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