深度有趣 | 27 服饰关键点定位

关键点定位是一类常见而有用的任务，某种意义上可以理解为一种特征工程

• 人脸关键点定位，可用于人脸识别、表情识别
• 人体骨骼关键点定位，可用于姿态估计
• 手部关键点定位，可用于手势识别

输入是一张图片，输出是每个关键点的x、y坐标，一般会归一化到0～1区间中，所以可以理解为回归问题

但是直接对坐标值进行回归会导致较大误差，更好的做法是输出一个低分辨率的热图，使得关键点所在位置输出较高响应，而其他位置则输出较低响应

CPM（Convolutional Pose Machines）的基本思想是使用多个级联的stage，每个stage包含多个CNN并且都输出热图

通过最小化每个stage的热图和ground truth之间的差距，从而得到越来越准确的关键点定位结果

数据

使用天池FashionAI全球挑战赛提供的数据， fashionai.alibaba.com/

其中服饰关键点定位赛题提供的训练集包括4W多张图片，测试集包括将近1W张图片

每张图片都指定了对应的服饰类别，共5类：上衣（blouse）、外套（outwear）、连身裙（dress）、半身裙（skirt）、裤子（trousers）

训练集还提供了每张图片对应的24个关键点的标注，包括x坐标、y坐标、是否可见三项信息，但并不是每类服饰都有24个关键点

关于以上数据的更多介绍可以参考以下文章， zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/34928763

为了简化问题，以下仅使用dress类别的训练集数据训练CPM模型

实现

加载库

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.utils import shuffle
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
from imageio import imread, imsave
import os
import glob
from tqdm import tqdm
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
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加载训练集和测试集

train = pd.read_csv(os.path.join('data', 'train', 'train.csv'))
train_warm = pd.read_csv(os.path.join('data', 'train_warm', 'train_warm.csv'))
test = pd.read_csv(os.path.join('data', 'test', 'test.csv'))
print(len(train), len(train_warm), len(test))

columns = train.columns
print(len(columns), columns)

train['image_id'] = train['image_id'].apply(lambda x:os.path.join('train', x))
train_warm['image_id'] = train_warm['image_id'].apply(lambda x:os.path.join('train_warm', x))
train = pd.concat([train, train_warm])
del train_warm
train.head()
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仅保留dress类别的数据

train = train[train.image_category == 'dress']
test = test[test.image_category == 'dress']
print(len(train), len(test))
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拆分标注信息中的x坐标、y坐标、是否可见

for col in columns:
    if col in ['image_id', 'image_category']:
        continue
    train[col + '_x'] = train[col].apply(lambda x:float(x.split('_')[0]))
    train[col + '_y'] = train[col].apply(lambda x:float(x.split('_')[1]))
    train[col + '_s'] = train[col].apply(lambda x:float(x.split('_')[2]))
    train.drop([col], axis=1, inplace=True)
train.head()
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将x坐标和y坐标进行归一化

features = [
    'neckline_left', 'neckline_right', 'center_front', 'shoulder_left', 'shoulder_right', 
    'armpit_left', 'armpit_right', 'waistline_left', 'waistline_right', 
    'cuff_left_in', 'cuff_left_out', 'cuff_right_in', 'cuff_right_out', 'hemline_left', 'hemline_right']

train = train.to_dict('records')
for i in tqdm(range(len(train))):
    record = train[i]
    img = imread(os.path.join('data', record['image_id']))
    h = img.shape[0]
    w = img.shape[1]
    for col in features:
        if record[col + '_s'] >= 0:
            train[i][col + '_x'] /= w
            train[i][col + '_y'] /= h
        else:
            train[i][col + '_x'] = 0
            train[i][col + '_y'] = 0
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随机选一些训练数据并绘图查看

img_size = 256
r = 10
c = 10
puzzle = np.ones((img_size * r, img_size * c, 3))
random_indexs = np.random.choice(len(train), 100)
for i in range(100):
    record = train[random_indexs[i]]
    img = imread(os.path.join('data', record['image_id']))
    img = cv2.resize(img, (img_size, img_size))
    for col in features:
        if record[col + '_s'] >= 0:
            cv2.circle(img, (int(img_size * record[col + '_x']), int(img_size * record[col + '_y'])), 3, (120, 240, 120), 2)
    img = img / 255.
    r = i // 10
    c = i % 10
    puzzle[r * img_size: (r + 1) * img_size, c * img_size: (c + 1) * img_size, :] = img
plt.figure(figsize=(15, 15))
plt.imshow(puzzle)
plt.show()
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整理数据并分割训练集和验证集

X_train = []
Y_train = []
for i in tqdm(range(len(train))):
    record = train[i]
    img = imread(os.path.join('data', record['image_id']))
    img = cv2.resize(img, (img_size, img_size))
    
    y = []
    for col in features:
        y.append([record[col + '_x'], record[col + '_y']])

    X_train.append(img)
    Y_train.append(y)

X_train = np.array(X_train)
Y_train = np.array(Y_train)
print(X_train.shape)
print(Y_train.shape)

X_train, X_valid, Y_train, Y_valid = train_test_split(X_train, Y_train, test_size=0.1)
print(X_train.shape, Y_train.shape)
print(X_valid.shape, Y_valid.shape)
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定义一些参数和模型输入

batch_size = 16
heatmap_size = 32
stages = 6
y_dim = Y_train.shape[1]

X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, img_size, img_size, 3], name='X')
Y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, heatmap_size, heatmap_size, y_dim + 1], name='Y')

def conv2d(inputs, filters, kernel_size, padding='same', activation=tf.nn.relu, name=''):
    if name:
        return tf.layers.conv2d(inputs, filters=filters, kernel_size=kernel_size, strides=1, padding=padding, 
                                activation=activation, name=name, kernel_initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer())
    else:
        return tf.layers.conv2d(inputs, filters=filters, kernel_size=kernel_size, strides=1, padding=padding, 
                                activation=activation, kernel_initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer())

def maxpool2d(inputs):
    return tf.layers.max_pooling2d(inputs, pool_size=2, strides=2, padding='valid')
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定义CPM模型，使用6个stage

stage_heatmaps = []

# sub_stage
h0 = maxpool2d(conv2d(conv2d(X, 64, 3), 64, 3))
h0 = maxpool2d(conv2d(conv2d(h0, 128, 3), 128, 3))
h0 = maxpool2d(conv2d(conv2d(conv2d(conv2d(h0, 256, 3), 256, 3), 256, 3), 256, 3))
for i in range(6):
    h0 = conv2d(h0, 512, 3)
sub_stage = conv2d(h0, 128, 3) # batch_size, 32, 32, 128

# stage_1
h0 = conv2d(sub_stage, 512, 1, padding='valid')
h0 = conv2d(h0, y_dim + 1, 1, padding='valid', activation=None, name='stage_1')
stage_heatmaps.append(h0)

# other stages
for stage in range(2, stages + 1):
    h0 = tf.concat([stage_heatmaps[-1], sub_stage], axis=3)
    for i in range(5):
        h0 = conv2d(h0, 128, 7)
    h0 = conv2d(h0, 128, 1, padding='valid')
    h0 = conv2d(h0, y_dim + 1, 1, padding='valid', activation=None, name='stage_%d' % stage)
    stage_heatmaps.append(h0)
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定义损失函数和优化器

global_step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False)
learning_rate = tf.train.exponential_decay(0.001, global_step=global_step, decay_steps=1000, decay_rate=0.9)

losses = [0 for _ in range(stages)]
total_loss = 0
for stage in range(stages):
    losses[stage] = tf.losses.mean_squared_error(Y, stage_heatmaps[stage])
    total_loss += losses[stage]

total_loss_with_reg = total_loss + tf.contrib.layers.apply_regularization(tf.contrib.layers.l2_regularizer(1e-10), tf.trainable_variables())
total_loss = total_loss / stages
total_loss_with_reg = total_loss_with_reg / stages

optimizer = tf.contrib.layers.optimize_loss(total_loss_with_reg, global_step=global_step, learning_rate=learning_rate, 
                                            optimizer='Adam', increment_global_step=True)
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由于训练数据较少，因此定义一个数据增强的函数

def transform(X_batch, Y_batch):
    X_data = []
    Y_data = []
    
    offset = 20
    for i in range(X_batch.shape[0]):
        img = X_batch[i]
        # random rotation
        degree = int(np.random.random() * offset - offset / 2)
        rad = degree / 180 * np.pi
        mat = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D((img_size / 2, img_size / 2), degree, 1)
        img_ = cv2.warpAffine(img, mat, (img_size, img_size), borderValue=(255, 255, 255))
        # random translation
        x0 = int(np.random.random() * offset - offset / 2)
        y0 = int(np.random.random() * offset - offset / 2)
        mat = np.float32([[1, 0, x0], [0, 1, y0]])
        img_ = cv2.warpAffine(img_, mat, (img_size, img_size), borderValue=(255, 255, 255))
        # random flip
        if np.random.random() > 0.5:
            img_ = np.fliplr(img_)
            flip = True
        else:
            flip = False
    
        X_data.append(img_)
        
        points = []
        for j in range(y_dim):
            x = Y_batch[i, j, 0] * img_size
            y = Y_batch[i, j, 1] * img_size
            # random rotation
            dx = x - img_size / 2  
            dy = y - img_size / 2
            x = int(dx * np.cos(rad) + dy * np.sin(rad) + img_size / 2)  
            y = int(-dx * np.sin(rad) + dy * np.cos(rad) + img_size / 2)
            # random translation
            x += x0
            y += y0

            x = x / img_size
            y = y / img_size
            points.append([x, y])
        # random flip
        if flip:
            data = {features[j]: points[j] for j in range(y_dim)}
            points = []
            for j in range(y_dim):
                col = features[j]
                if col.find('left') >= 0:
                    col = col.replace('left', 'right')
                elif col.find('right') >= 0:
                    col = col.replace('right', 'left')
                [x, y] = data[col]
                x = 1 - x
                points.append([x, y])
            
        Y_data.append(points)
        
    X_data = np.array(X_data)
    Y_data = np.array(Y_data)
    
    # preprocess
    X_data = (X_data / 255. - 0.5) * 2
    Y_heatmap = []
    for i in range(Y_data.shape[0]):
        heatmaps = []
        invert_heatmap = np.ones((heatmap_size, heatmap_size))
        for j in range(Y_data.shape[1]):
            x0 = int(Y_data[i, j, 0] * heatmap_size)
            y0 = int(Y_data[i, j, 1] * heatmap_size)
            x = np.arange(0, heatmap_size, 1, float)
            y = x[:, np.newaxis]
            cur_heatmap = np.exp(-((x - x0) ** 2 + (y - y0) ** 2) / (2.0 * 1.0 ** 2))
            heatmaps.append(cur_heatmap)
            invert_heatmap -= cur_heatmap
        heatmaps.append(invert_heatmap)
        Y_heatmap.append(heatmaps)
    Y_heatmap = np.array(Y_heatmap)
    Y_heatmap = np.transpose(Y_heatmap, (0, 2, 3, 1)) # batch_size, heatmap_size, heatmap_size, y_dim + 1
    
    return X_data, Y_data, Y_heatmap
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查看数据增强之后的图片和关键点是否正确

X_batch = X_train[:batch_size]
Y_batch = Y_train[:batch_size]
X_data, Y_data, Y_heatmap = transform(X_batch, Y_batch)

n = int(np.sqrt(batch_size))
puzzle = np.ones((img_size * n, img_size * n, 3))
for i in range(batch_size):
    img = (X_data[i] + 1) / 2
    for j in range(y_dim):
        cv2.circle(img, (int(img_size * Y_data[i, j, 0]), int(img_size * Y_data[i, j, 1])), 3, (120, 240, 120), 2)
    r = i // n
    c = i % n
    puzzle[r * img_size: (r + 1) * img_size, c * img_size: (c + 1) * img_size, :] = img
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12))
plt.imshow(puzzle)
plt.show()
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可以看到，在经过随机旋转、随机平移、随机水平翻转之后，图片和关键点依旧一一对应

训练模型，使用early stopping

sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())

OUTPUT_DIR = 'samples'
if not os.path.exists(OUTPUT_DIR):
    os.mkdir(OUTPUT_DIR)

for stage in range(stages):
    tf.summary.scalar('loss/loss_stage_%d' % (stage + 1), losses[stage])
tf.summary.scalar('loss/total_loss', total_loss)
summary = tf.summary.merge_all()
writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(OUTPUT_DIR)

loss_valid_min = np.inf
saver = tf.train.Saver()

epochs = 100
patience = 10
for e in range(epochs):
    loss_train = []
    loss_valid = []
    
    X_train, Y_train = shuffle(X_train, Y_train)
    for i in tqdm(range(X_train.shape[0] // batch_size)):
        X_batch = X_train[i * batch_size: (i + 1) * batch_size, :, :, :]
        Y_batch = Y_train[i * batch_size: (i + 1) * batch_size, :, :]
        X_data, Y_data, Y_heatmap = transform(X_batch, Y_batch)
        _, ls, lr, stage_heatmaps_ = sess.run([optimizer, total_loss, learning_rate, stage_heatmaps], 
                                               feed_dict={X: X_data, Y: Y_heatmap})
        loss_train.append(ls)
        
        if i > 0 and i % 100 == 0:
            writer.add_summary(sess.run(summary, feed_dict={X: X_data, Y: Y_heatmap}), 
                               e * X_train.shape[0] // batch_size + i)
            writer.flush()
    loss_train = np.mean(loss_train)
    
    demo_img = (X_data[0] + 1) / 2
    demo_heatmaps = []
    for stage in range(stages):
        demo_heatmap = stage_heatmaps_[stage][0, :, :, :y_dim].reshape((heatmap_size, heatmap_size, y_dim))
        demo_heatmap = cv2.resize(demo_heatmap, (img_size, img_size))
        demo_heatmap = np.amax(demo_heatmap, axis=2)
        demo_heatmap = np.reshape(demo_heatmap, (img_size, img_size, 1))
        demo_heatmap = np.repeat(demo_heatmap, 3, axis=2)
        demo_heatmaps.append(demo_heatmap)

    demo_gt_heatmap = Y_heatmap[0, :, :, :y_dim].reshape((heatmap_size, heatmap_size, y_dim))
    demo_gt_heatmap = cv2.resize(demo_gt_heatmap, (img_size, img_size))
    demo_gt_heatmap = np.amax(demo_gt_heatmap, axis=2)
    demo_gt_heatmap = np.reshape(demo_gt_heatmap, (img_size, img_size, 1))
    demo_gt_heatmap = np.repeat(demo_gt_heatmap, 3, axis=2)

    upper_img = np.concatenate((demo_heatmaps[0], demo_heatmaps[1], demo_heatmaps[2]), axis=1)
    blend_img = 0.5 * demo_img + 0.5 * demo_gt_heatmap
    lower_img = np.concatenate((demo_heatmaps[-1], demo_gt_heatmap, blend_img), axis=1)
    demo_img = np.concatenate((upper_img, lower_img), axis=0)
    imsave(os.path.join(OUTPUT_DIR, 'sample_%d.jpg' % e), demo_img)
    
    X_valid, Y_valid = shuffle(X_valid, Y_valid)
    for i in range(X_valid.shape[0] // batch_size):
        X_batch = X_valid[i * batch_size: (i + 1) * batch_size, :, :, :]
        Y_batch = Y_valid[i * batch_size: (i + 1) * batch_size, :, :]
        X_data, Y_data, Y_heatmap = transform(X_batch, Y_batch)
        ls = sess.run(total_loss, feed_dict={X: X_data, Y: Y_heatmap})
        loss_valid.append(ls)
    loss_valid = np.mean(loss_valid)
    
    print('Epoch %d, lr %.6f, train loss %.6f, valid loss %.6f' % (e, lr, loss_train, loss_valid))
    if loss_valid < loss_valid_min:
        print('Saving model...')
        saver.save(sess, os.path.join(OUTPUT_DIR, 'cpm'))
        loss_valid_min = loss_valid
        patience = 10
    else:
        patience -= 1
        if patience == 0:
            break
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经过87个epoch之后训练提前停止，训练集损失为0.001228，验证集损失为0.001871，验证集最低损失为0.001821

训练集结果如下，上面三张图依次为stage1、stage2、stage3的结果，下面三张图依次为stage6、ground truth、groud truth和原图

在本机上使用以下代码，对测试集中的图片进行关键点定位

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.utils import shuffle
import cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from imageio import imread, imsave
import os

test = pd.read_csv(os.path.join('data', 'test', 'test.csv'))
test['image_id'] = test['image_id'].apply(lambda x:os.path.join('test', x))
test = test[test.image_category == 'dress']
test = test['image_id'].values

batch_size = 16
img_size = 256
test = shuffle(test)
test = test[:batch_size]
X_test = []
for i in range(batch_size):
    img = imread(os.path.join('data', test[i]))
    img = cv2.resize(img, (img_size, img_size))
    X_test.append(img)
X_test = np.array(X_test)
print(X_test.shape)

sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())

OUTPUT_DIR = 'samples'
saver = tf.train.import_meta_graph(os.path.join(OUTPUT_DIR, 'cpm.meta'))
saver.restore(sess, tf.train.latest_checkpoint(OUTPUT_DIR))

stages = 6
y_dim = 15
heatmap_size = 32
graph = tf.get_default_graph()
X = graph.get_tensor_by_name('X:0')
stage_heatmap = graph.get_tensor_by_name('stage_%d/BiasAdd:0' % stages)

def visualize_result(imgs, heatmap, joints):
    imgs = imgs.astype(np.int32)
    coords = []
    for i in range(imgs.shape[0]):
        hp = heatmap[i, :, :, :joints].reshape((heatmap_size, heatmap_size, joints))
        hp = cv2.resize(hp, (img_size, img_size))
        coord = np.zeros((joints, 2))

        for j in range(joints):
            xy = np.unravel_index(np.argmax(hp[:, :, j]), (img_size, img_size))
            coord[j, :] = [xy[0], xy[1]]
            cv2.circle(imgs[i], (xy[1], xy[0]), 3, (120, 240, 120), 2)

        coords.append(coord)
    
    return imgs / 255., coords

heatmap = sess.run(stage_heatmap, feed_dict={X: (X_test / 255. - 0.5) * 2})
X_test, coords = visualize_result(X_test, heatmap, y_dim) 

n = int(np.sqrt(batch_size))
puzzle = np.ones((img_size * n, img_size * n, 3))
for i in range(batch_size):
    img = X_test[i]
    r = i // n
    c = i % n
    puzzle[r * img_size: (r + 1) * img_size, c * img_size: (c + 1) * img_size, :] = img
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12))
plt.imshow(puzzle)
plt.show()
imsave('服饰关键点定位测试集结果.jpg', puzzle)
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测试集结果如下，对于大多数情况能够得到很准确的关键点定位结果