内容简介：sqlalchemy 多对多关系
一、前言
多对多的关系是一张表可以关联多张表。
现在来设计一个能描述“图书”与“作者”的关系的表结构，需求是
- 一本书可以有好几个作者一起出版
- 一个作者可以写好几本书
二、表结构和数据
book_m2m_author表由author表和book表生成
三、事例
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer, String, DATE, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
# 如果插入数据有中文，需要指定 charset=utf8
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://bigberg:111111@172.16.200.49:3306/study?charset=utf8",
encoding='utf-8')
Base = declarative_base() # 创建orm基类
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
# 这个表的创建后，不需要维护
book_m2m_author = Table("book_m2m_author", Base.metadata,
Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
Column('books_id', Integer, ForeignKey("books.id")),
Column('authors_id', Integer, ForeignKey("authors.id")))
class Book(Base):
__tablename__ = "books"
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64))
pub_date = Column(DATE)
authors = relationship("Author", secondary=book_m2m_author, backref="books")
def __repr__(self):
return self.name
class Author(Base):
__tablename__ = "authors"
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
def __repr__(self):
return self.name
# 创建表
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
创建3张表
mysql> desc authors; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(32) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> desc books; +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(64) | YES | | NULL | | | pub_date | date | YES | | NULL | | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> desc book_m2m_author; +------------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +------------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | books_id | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | authors_id | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | | +------------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) 表结构
四、插入数据
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import m2m_orm from m2m_orm import Author from m2m_orm import Book from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker # 创建session会话 Session_class = sessionmaker(bind=m2m_orm.engine) # 生成session实例 session = Session_class() b1 = Book(name="python学习", pub_date="2018-01-01") b2 = Book(name="linux学习", pub_date="2018-02-01") b3 = Book(name="mysql学习", pub_date="2018-03-01") a1 = Author(name="Jack") a2 = Author(name="Jerru") a3 = Author(name="Marry") b1.authors = [a1,a2] b2.authors = [a2,a3] b3.authors = [a1,a2,a3] session.add_all([b1,b2,b3,a1,a2,a3]) session.commit() 插入数据
mysql> select * from books; +----+--------------+------------+ | id | name | pub_date | +----+--------------+------------+ | 1 | python学习 | 2018-01-01 | | 2 | mysql学习 | 2018-03-01 | | 3 | linux学习 | 2018-02-01 | +----+--------------+------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from authors; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 1 | Jack | | 2 | Marry | | 3 | Jerru | +----+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from book_m2m_author; +----+----------+------------+ | id | books_id | authors_id | +----+----------+------------+ | 1 | 2 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | 3 | | 3 | 2 | 2 | | 4 | 3 | 3 | | 5 | 3 | 2 | | 6 | 1 | 1 | | 7 | 1 | 3 | +----+----------+------------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) 数据内容
五、查询数据
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import m2m_orm
from m2m_orm import Author
from m2m_orm import Book
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
# 创建session会话
Session_class = sessionmaker(bind=m2m_orm.engine)
# 生成session实例
session = Session_class()
print("通过作者表查关联书".center(30, '-'))
author_obj = session.query(Author).filter(Author.name=='Jack').first()
print(author_obj.name, author_obj.books, author_obj.books[0].pub_date)
print("通过书表查关联作者".center(30, '-'))
book_obj = session.query(Book).filter(Book.id==2).first()
print(book_obj.name, book_obj.authors)
# 输出
----------通过作者表查关联书-----------
Jack [python学习, mysql学习] 2018-01-01
----------通过书表查关联作者-----------
mysql学习 [Jack, Marry, Jerru]
查询数据
六、删除数据
删除数据时不用管boo_m2m_authors ， sqlalchemy会自动帮你把对应的数据删除
6.1 通过书删除作者
author_obj = session.query(Author).filter(Author.name=='Jack').first() book_obj = session.query(Book).filter(Book.id==2).first() print(author_obj.name) print(book_obj.authors) book_obj.authors.remove(author_obj) print(book_obj.authors) session.commit() # 输出 Jack [Jack, Marry, Jerru] [Marry, Jerru]
6.2 直接删除作者
author_obj = session.query(Author).filter(Author.name=='Jack').first() print(author_obj.name) session.delete(author_obj) session.commit()
mysql> select * from authors; +----+-------+ | id | name | +----+-------+ | 2 | Marry | | 3 | Jerru | +----+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from books; +----+--------------+------------+ | id | name | pub_date | +----+--------------+------------+ | 1 | python学习 | 2018-01-01 | | 2 | mysql学习 | 2018-03-01 | | 3 | linux学习 | 2018-02-01 | +----+--------------+------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from book_m2m_author; +----+----------+------------+ | id | books_id | authors_id | +----+----------+------------+ | 2 | 2 | 3 | | 3 | 2 | 2 | | 4 | 3 | 3 | | 5 | 3 | 2 | | 7 | 1 | 3 | +----+----------+------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 这是直接将作者从表中删除了
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