Using Enumerated Types in Python

栏目: IT技术 · 发布时间: 4年前

内容简介:By John Lekberg on June 06, 2020.This week's post is about using

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Using enumerated types in Python

By John Lekberg on June 06, 2020.

This week's post is about using enumerated types (enums) in Python. You will learn:

  • How to use enums to manage data that takes on a finite set of states.
  • How to impose a custom ordering on data.
  • How to represent a combination of states using Flag and IntFlag .

What are enums?

Enumerated types (enums) are sets of unique values. E.g. A tier list , with S-tier being the best, followed by A, B, C, D, and F:

import enum

Tier = enum.IntEnum("Tier", ["S", "A", "B", "C", "D", "F"])
list(Tier)
[<Tier.S: 1>, <Tier.A: 2>, <Tier.B: 3>, <Tier.C: 4>, <Tier.D: 5>,
 <Tier.F: 6>]
Tier.S < Tier.C
True
sorted([Tier.B, Tier.D, Tier.S, Tier.A, Tier.F, Tier.C])
[<Tier.S: 1>, <Tier.A: 2>, <Tier.B: 3>, <Tier.C: 4>, <Tier.D: 5>,
 <Tier.F: 6>]

In this case, using an IntEnum object is easier than using a string because the tiers compare correctly:

Tier.S < Tier.C
True
"S" < "C"
False
sorted([Tier.B, Tier.D, Tier.S, Tier.A, Tier.F, Tier.C])
[<Tier.S: 1>, <Tier.A: 2>, <Tier.B: 3>, <Tier.C: 4>, <Tier.D: 5>,
 <Tier.F: 6>]
sorted(["B", "D", "S", "A", "F", "C"])
['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'F', 'S']

And spelling mistakes are caught:

Tier.Z < Tier.Q
AttributeError: Z
"Z" < "Q"
False

Using an IntEnum object is easier than using an int because the IntEnum allows you to write mnemonics for the values:

Tier.S < Tier.C
True
1 < 4
True
sorted([Tier.B, Tier.D, Tier.S, Tier.A, Tier.F, Tier.C])
[<Tier.S: 1>, <Tier.A: 2>, <Tier.B: 3>, <Tier.C: 4>, <Tier.D: 5>,
 <Tier.F: 6>]
sorted([3, 5, 1, 2, 6, 4])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

When should I use enums?

I use enums when:

  • The data that I'm working with has a small number of states (e.g. "pass" or "fail").
  • The data has an ordering that doesn't work with strings (e.g. "S" before "A" in a tier list).
  • The data can be represented as a set of boolean flags (e.g. the flag register of a Zilog Z80 microprocessor ).

Here's code for each of these examples:

import random
import collections

Test = enum.Enum("Test", ["Pass", "Fail"])

row = lambda: [
    random.choice(list(Test)),
    random.choice(["Bobby", "Linda", "John"])
]
data = [ row() for _ in range(10) ]
data
[[<Test.Pass: 1>, 'John'],
 [<Test.Pass: 1>, 'Bobby'],
 [<Test.Fail: 2>, 'Linda'],
 [<Test.Fail: 2>, 'Bobby'],
 [<Test.Pass: 1>, 'Linda'],
 [<Test.Pass: 1>, 'Bobby'],
 [<Test.Pass: 1>, 'Linda'],
 [<Test.Pass: 1>, 'Bobby'],
 [<Test.Pass: 1>, 'Bobby'],
 [<Test.Pass: 1>, 'Bobby']]
[
    student
    for test, student in data
    if test == Test.Fail
]
['Linda', 'Bobby']
import random
import collections

Tier = enum.IntEnum("Tier", ["S", "A", "B", "C", "D", "F"])

data_tiers = random.choices(list(Tier), k=9)
data_names = ["Mario", "Link", "Samus", "Yoshi", "Kirby",
              "Fox", "Pikachu", "Ness", "Luigi"]
data = list(zip(data_tiers, data_names))
data
[(<Tier.B: 3>, 'Mario'),
 (<Tier.A: 2>, 'Link'),
 (<Tier.F: 6>, 'Samus'),
 (<Tier.B: 3>, 'Yoshi'),
 (<Tier.C: 4>, 'Kirby'),
 (<Tier.D: 5>, 'Fox'),
 (<Tier.A: 2>, 'Pikachu'),
 (<Tier.S: 1>, 'Ness'),
 (<Tier.A: 2>, 'Luigi')]
rankings = collections.defaultdict(set)

for tier, name in data:
    rankings[tier].add(name)

for tier in Tier:
    names = sorted(rankings[tier])
    print(f"{tier.name}-tier: {', '.join(names)}")
S-tier: Ness
A-tier: Link, Luigi, Pikachu
B-tier: Mario, Yoshi
C-tier: Kirby
D-tier: Fox
F-tier: Samus
import random

state = 0
for flag in Z80_Flag:
    # 50% chance that p is True.
    p = random.random() < 0.5
    if p:
        state |= flag

state
<Z80_Flag.Sign|Parity_Overflow|Subtract: 134>
for flag in Z80_Flag:
    if state & flag:
        status = "#"
    else:
        status = "."
    print(f"{flag.name:16} {status}")
Carry            .
Subtract         #
Parity_Overflow  #
Half_Carry       .
Zero             .
Sign             #

Python's support for enums

Python supports four different types of enums via the enum module:

Enum
IntEnum
IntFlag
Flag

What are the differences between these four?

Enum and Flag do not mix with integers. IntEnum and IntFlag do mix with integers.

import enum

Test = enum.Enum("Test", ["Pass", "Fail"])
IntTest = enum.IntEnum("IntTest", ["Pass", "Fail"])

Test.Pass + 0
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'Test' and 'int'
IntTest.Pass + 0
Z80 = enum.Flag("Z80", ["Carry", "Subtract", "Parity", "Zero"])
IntZ80 = enum.IntFlag("IntZ80", ["Carry", "Subtract", "Parity",
                                 "Zero"])

Z80.Carry | 2
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'Z80' and 'int'
IntZ80.Carry | 2
<IntZ80.Subtract|Carry: 3>

Enum and IntEnum represent states that can't be combined. Flag and IntFlag represent states that can be combined.

Test = enum.Enum("Test", ["Pass", "Fail"])
Z80 = enum.Flag("Z80", ["Carry", "Subtract", "Parity", "Zero"])

Test.Pass | Test.Fail
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'Test' and 'Test'
Z80.Carry | Z80.Zero
<Z80.Zero|Carry: 9>

In conclusion...

In this week's post you learned how to use enums to manage data that takes on a finite set of states. Enums allow you to impose a custom ordering on data and represent a combination of states using Flag and IntFlag .

My challenge to you:

Create an IntFlag that represents the input status of a standard NES controller .

If you enjoyed this week's post, share it with your friends and stay tuned for next week's post. See you then!


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