内容简介:So, with few practical walk-throughs available online, I decided to create this simple explanatory blog to explain:This is the opcode used by default to deploy contracts. The resulting contract address is calculated by hashing:
To see the contract that uses CREATE2, jump to Step 2.
CREATE2was added to the Ethereum virtual machine nearly a year ago — at the end of February 2019. This opcode introduced a second method of calculating the address of a new smart contract (previously only
CREATEwas available). Using
CREATE2is certainly more complex than the original
CREATE. You can no longer just write
new Token()in Solidity, and instead must resort to writing in assembly code.
CREATE2has an important property that makes it preferable in certain situations: it doesn’t rely on the current state of the deploying address. This means you can be sure the contract address calculated today would be the same as the address calculated 1 year from now. This is important is because you can interact with the address, and send it ETH, before the smart contract has been deployed to it.
So, with few practical walk-throughs available online, I decided to create this simple explanatory blog to explain:
- How
CREATE
andCREATE2
each work - How to use
CREATE2
in your smart contract, and - How I used it to solve one of the Capture The Ether challenges
The CREATE opcode.
This is the opcode used by default to deploy contracts. The resulting contract address is calculated by hashing:
- The deploying address
- The number of contracts that have previously been deployed from that address — known as the
nonce
keccak256(rlp.encode(deployingAddress, nonce))[12:]
The CREATE2 opcode.
This opcode was introduced to Ethereum in February 2019 and so is still relatively new. It is essentially just another way to deploy a smart contract, but with a different way to calculate the new contract address. It uses:
- The deploying address
- The hash of the bytecode being deployed
- A random ‘salt’ (32 byte string), supplied by the creator.
keccak256(0xff ++ deployingAddr ++ salt ++ keccak256(bytecode))[12:]
The Challenge
CREATE2, I'm going to solve the Fuzzy Identity challenge on Capture the Ether . To complete the task defined on the challenge page, you need to create a contract that has 2 properties:
- Has a
name()
function that returnsbytes32("smarx")
- Has the string
badc0de
somewhere in its address.
The first is easy to implement. The second is where the challenge comes in, and to complete it we must use knowledge of how Ethereum calculates contract addresses — which we just went over!
Solve it with CREATE?
CREATEopcode we’d need to generate many private keys. For each of these we would calculate the corresponding Ethereum address, use a nonce ofto calculate the resulting contract address.
Solve it with CREATE2?
Using just 1 Ethereum address, we instead can just loop through different salt values until we find one that works. This seems like a nice option over generating potentially hundreds of thousands of private keys.
CREATE2was certainly not the intended solution for the problem — but I think it sounds like the nicer option.
The Solution
CREATE2to find an address containing
badc0dewe need:
- The bytecode of the contract to be deployed
- The address deploying the contract (a contract that uses
CREATE2
) - Our salt — that we will calculate.
Step 1: The bytecode of contract to be deployed
The first step is to get the bytecode of the contract that we want to deploy at an address containing badc0de. The contract to pass the challenge is simple, and can be defined as follows:
pragma solidity ^0.5.12; contract BadCodeSmarx is IName { function callAuthenticate(address _challenge) public { FuzzyIdentityChallenge(_challenge).authenticate(); } function name() external view returns (bytes32) { return bytes32("smarx"); } }
"bytecode": "0x608060405234801561001057600080fd5b506101468061002..."
Or the same result can be achieved using Remix instead of Truffle.
Step 2: A contract that uses CREATE2
CREATE2to deploy this bytecode:
contract Deployer { bytes contractBytecode = hex"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"; function deploy(bytes32 salt) public { bytes memory bytecode = contractBytecode; address addr; assembly { addr := create2(0, add(bytecode, 0x20), mload(bytecode), salt) } } }
In Solidity assembly, create2() takes 4 parameters:
- 1: The amount of wei to send to the new contract as
msg.value
. This is 0 for this example. - 2–3: The location of the bytecode in memory
- 4: The salt — that we will calculate in step 3. We leave this as a parameter so it can we provided after we have calculated it.
It also returns the address of the created contract — which you must catch in a variable whether or not you want to use it.
BadCodeSmarxcontract, and we have the bytecode, all we need to do is calculate a salt that will result in address containing
badc0de.
Step 3: Calculating the salt
badc0de, we need a simple script to loop through each salt one by one, and calculate the address it would obtain.
0x00...001. I then used that contract address to ensure my script was correctly formatting and hashing parameters — and therefore producing the same address as
CREATE2does onchain.
[12:]means the first 12 bytes are removed to find the address.
keccak256(0xff ++ deployingAddr ++ salt ++ keccak256(bytecode))[12:]
Here is the script I used. I used the package ethereumjs-util to perform keccak256 hashes — you can find it on Github .
const eth = require('ethereumjs-util') // 0xff ++ deployingAddress is fixed: var string1 = '0xffca4dfd86a86c48c5d9c228bedbeb7f218a29c94b' // Hash of the bytecode is fixed. Calculated with eth.keccak256(): var string2 = '4670da3f633e838c2746ca61c370ba3dbd257b86b28b78449f4185480e2aba51' // In each loop, i is the value of the salt we are checking for (var i = 0; i < 72057594037927936; i++) { // 1. Convert i to hex, and it pad to 32 bytes: var saltToBytes = i.toString(16).padStart(64, '0') // 2. Concatenate this between the other 2 strings var concatString = string1.concat(saltToBytes).concat(string2) // 3. Hash the resulting string var hashed = eth.bufferToHex(eth.keccak256(concatString)) // 4. Remove leading 0x and 12 bytes // 5. Check if the result contains badc0de if (hashed.substr(26).includes('badc0de')) { console.log(saltToBytes) break } }
Running this script, less than 30 seconds later out popped my resulting salt:
0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005b2bfe
Deployer.deploy(0x00...005b2bfe). Lo and behold an instance of
BadCodeSmarxwas deployed at:
0xa905a3922a4ebfbc7d257cecdb1df04a3 badc0de
References:
以上所述就是小编给大家介绍的《Using Ethereum’s CREATE2》,希望对大家有所帮助,如果大家有任何疑问请给我留言,小编会及时回复大家的。在此也非常感谢大家对 码农网 的支持!
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